пятница, 31 октября 2008 г.
четверг, 30 октября 2008 г.
среда, 29 октября 2008 г.
вторник, 28 октября 2008 г.
понедельник, 27 октября 2008 г.
воскресенье, 26 октября 2008 г.
Scientists have discovered the oldest footprints
Scientists found the oldest footprints left limbs of living beings. This was reported in a press release on the site, University of Ohio (Ohio State University), whose officers were involved in the study. The group of scientists reported their results at the conference of the American geological community.
Traces of the substance were left in the soft coastal soil 570 million years ago on the territory of the modern state of Nevada. They represent nearly sequence of points about two millimeters in diameter. Scientists believe that traces of an ancient non-owned, we recall today mnogonozhek. In doing so, researchers are constrained to say how long the substance was or how many limbs were those "legs".
Similar fossil footprints were discovered a few years ago in Canada and in China. Age was the first of about 520 million years old, the age of second - about 540 million years. According to the authors found traces of not only the oldest on Earth, but also prove the fact that the limbs from living organisms have appeared over 570 million years ago. Previously it was thought that until that time, the planet inhabited mostly unicellular and multicellular simple, but nothing that can "walk", but has not yet been made.
The main difficulty in the study of organisms that period is that their bodies consisted mainly of soft tissues that are not amenable to "fossilization", so how is being left traces of ancient, it is not possible.
Traces of the substance were left in the soft coastal soil 570 million years ago on the territory of the modern state of Nevada. They represent nearly sequence of points about two millimeters in diameter. Scientists believe that traces of an ancient non-owned, we recall today mnogonozhek. In doing so, researchers are constrained to say how long the substance was or how many limbs were those "legs".
Similar fossil footprints were discovered a few years ago in Canada and in China. Age was the first of about 520 million years old, the age of second - about 540 million years. According to the authors found traces of not only the oldest on Earth, but also prove the fact that the limbs from living organisms have appeared over 570 million years ago. Previously it was thought that until that time, the planet inhabited mostly unicellular and multicellular simple, but nothing that can "walk", but has not yet been made.
The main difficulty in the study of organisms that period is that their bodies consisted mainly of soft tissues that are not amenable to "fossilization", so how is being left traces of ancient, it is not possible.
суббота, 25 октября 2008 г.
Do bees found ability in mathematics
Honeybees decrypt messages using their fellow mathematicians. American biologists, whose article published in the journal Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, concluded that bees are able to calculate the average movement in the direction of "dancing" in which the insect "explorers" to report the whereabouts of flowers with nectars. Briefly the main findings of scientists led magazine New Scientist.
To tell their neighbors to ulyu on the whereabouts of flowers, bees use the "Dance" - defined for each set of movements (it has recently been shown that bees of different species can understand each other). So far, entomologists (scientists studying insects) were not sure exactly how the benefits of bees "dance" information on the whereabouts of the rich nectars of flowers. One of the theories assumed that the target sends a message that some movement, "hidden" among others.
Researchers from the University of California and Utah watching bees, who visited the artificial sugar flowers. They analyzed the movement who commit "explorers" in the "dance", and the direction where the flowers and where the rest of the bees. According to entomologists, insects are not targeted at any individual "Pas" and choose the direction of the average area of all movements "dance".
The researchers note that the ability to find the average for creatures with such small brain is a "remarkable". On the other hand, some colleagues authors believe that when searching for flowers with nectars bees may focus not only on the "dance" of their comrades, but also, for example, in the direction of movement of bees returning to the hive.
To tell their neighbors to ulyu on the whereabouts of flowers, bees use the "Dance" - defined for each set of movements (it has recently been shown that bees of different species can understand each other). So far, entomologists (scientists studying insects) were not sure exactly how the benefits of bees "dance" information on the whereabouts of the rich nectars of flowers. One of the theories assumed that the target sends a message that some movement, "hidden" among others.
Researchers from the University of California and Utah watching bees, who visited the artificial sugar flowers. They analyzed the movement who commit "explorers" in the "dance", and the direction where the flowers and where the rest of the bees. According to entomologists, insects are not targeted at any individual "Pas" and choose the direction of the average area of all movements "dance".
The researchers note that the ability to find the average for creatures with such small brain is a "remarkable". On the other hand, some colleagues authors believe that when searching for flowers with nectars bees may focus not only on the "dance" of their comrades, but also, for example, in the direction of movement of bees returning to the hive.
The U.S. company promised to decipher the human genome five thousand dollars
The U.S. company Complete Genomics announced that it has developed technology of decoding the human genome will reduce the cost of this whole process up to five thousand dollars. It is reported The New York Times.
DNA sequence of the human body is encoded only four letters A, C, G and T. The length of the total, "the words" for 23 pairs of chromosomes is around six billion characters. Decoding the genome of an individual - Clarification of the sequence of letters, which encodes all the genetic information of individuals.
The first decoding the human genome was held in 2001 (in 2003 was received clean version) as part of the international project "Human Genome" (Human Genome Project). The cost of decoding is, by some estimates, three billion dollars. In 2007, decoding the genome pioneering DNA by James Watson cost one million dollars. Currently, the cost of this process is about 100 thousand dollars. More recently, the company manufacturing equipment for laboratories announced that their new laboratory for genome decoding will reduce the cost of up to 10 thousand dollars without taking into account the payment of staff.
Complete Genomics company has no plans to provide services to private individuals. It looked mainly at the orders of laboratories and institutes conducting genetic research.
According to specialists, is an important milestone in the move "a thousand dollars per genome - lowering prices below that milestone could be the start of the mass of genomics. The same views voiced James Watson during his public lectures in Moscow in July 2008.
DNA sequence of the human body is encoded only four letters A, C, G and T. The length of the total, "the words" for 23 pairs of chromosomes is around six billion characters. Decoding the genome of an individual - Clarification of the sequence of letters, which encodes all the genetic information of individuals.
The first decoding the human genome was held in 2001 (in 2003 was received clean version) as part of the international project "Human Genome" (Human Genome Project). The cost of decoding is, by some estimates, three billion dollars. In 2007, decoding the genome pioneering DNA by James Watson cost one million dollars. Currently, the cost of this process is about 100 thousand dollars. More recently, the company manufacturing equipment for laboratories announced that their new laboratory for genome decoding will reduce the cost of up to 10 thousand dollars without taking into account the payment of staff.
Complete Genomics company has no plans to provide services to private individuals. It looked mainly at the orders of laboratories and institutes conducting genetic research.
According to specialists, is an important milestone in the move "a thousand dollars per genome - lowering prices below that milestone could be the start of the mass of genomics. The same views voiced James Watson during his public lectures in Moscow in July 2008.
"Messenger" close to Mercury
Convergence probe NASA "messenger" (Messenger) with Mercury was successful, reported the official website of the mission. Staff began to approach the sixth of October.
According to radio signals, derived from a probe, the system "messenger" function normally. Seventh-October 2008, the probe will transfer the collected during the convergence of data. Among them, more than 1200 images of much of the surface of the planet (about 30 per cent), which had never before been photographed.
One of the goals is to change the trajectory detour probe under the influence of gravity of Mercury, so that by 2011 the unit moved into orbit around the planet, becoming its first artificial satellite. Currently probe revolves around the Sun.
Spacecraft "messenger" was launched in 2004 to explore Mercury. The main purpose of the mission is to collect data on the magnetic field of this planet, the chemical composition of the surface, the geological history. As part of the mission scheduled three rapprochement with the Mercury: first rapprochement occurred 10 Jan., 2008, a third is scheduled for September 2009.
According to radio signals, derived from a probe, the system "messenger" function normally. Seventh-October 2008, the probe will transfer the collected during the convergence of data. Among them, more than 1200 images of much of the surface of the planet (about 30 per cent), which had never before been photographed.
One of the goals is to change the trajectory detour probe under the influence of gravity of Mercury, so that by 2011 the unit moved into orbit around the planet, becoming its first artificial satellite. Currently probe revolves around the Sun.
Spacecraft "messenger" was launched in 2004 to explore Mercury. The main purpose of the mission is to collect data on the magnetic field of this planet, the chemical composition of the surface, the geological history. As part of the mission scheduled three rapprochement with the Mercury: first rapprochement occurred 10 Jan., 2008, a third is scheduled for September 2009.
In the parks of Great Britain found truffles
Scientists discovered in the parks of the UK new species of fungi are not characteristic of the island's ecosystem. It is reported BBC News.
According to experts, 2008 is very different from the rest of the wet summer months. Such weather is favorable for the growth of fungi. As a result, for the first week of October, the researchers discovered ten new species, not specific to Britain.
How exotic mushrooms hit the islands, scientists can not yet answer. Some believe that these species existed in limited numbers in remote regions always, but were seen only after active rasplodilis as a result of extraordinary weather conditions.
Among the "new" species, in particular, have truffles Tuber mesentericum. These mushrooms are considered a delicacy, and the cost of one kilogram can reach 400 euros.
According to experts, 2008 is very different from the rest of the wet summer months. Such weather is favorable for the growth of fungi. As a result, for the first week of October, the researchers discovered ten new species, not specific to Britain.
How exotic mushrooms hit the islands, scientists can not yet answer. Some believe that these species existed in limited numbers in remote regions always, but were seen only after active rasplodilis as a result of extraordinary weather conditions.
Among the "new" species, in particular, have truffles Tuber mesentericum. These mushrooms are considered a delicacy, and the cost of one kilogram can reach 400 euros.
The remains of an ancient lizard talked about the evolution of a snail shell
U.S. scientists discovered in the state of New Mexico remains of ancient reptiles, which clarifies the evolution of modern turtle shell, said New Scientist. The work was carried out by members of the Museum of Natural History Peabody (Peabody Museum of Natural History) and published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Discovered the remains belonged to 30-cm reptiles, who lived in the region 210 million years ago. The first fragments of the remains (of the cervical vertebrae) of this type, received the name Chinlechelys tenertesta, were found more than 10 years ago. Even then, scientists suspected that their ancestor of modern turtles, but that fact until recently been challenged until the researchers could not locate the other fragments of skeletons of this type.
According to scientists, the new specimen confirms the picture of the emergence of the modern shell turtles. It is believed that during the evolution of protective plates on the body of reptiles sroslis, creating a seamless shell. What "profits" is just such a defense scientists can not explain.
Searched appearance of the Triassic period (250 -200 million years ago). The remains of turtles from the ensuing Jurassic are, according to archaeologists, as often finding that researchers have simply stopped collecting them. " Bone from the Triassic period, however, relatively rare. Scientists believe that this is due to habitat conditions that have hindered the process of fossilization body after the death of animals.
Discovered the remains belonged to 30-cm reptiles, who lived in the region 210 million years ago. The first fragments of the remains (of the cervical vertebrae) of this type, received the name Chinlechelys tenertesta, were found more than 10 years ago. Even then, scientists suspected that their ancestor of modern turtles, but that fact until recently been challenged until the researchers could not locate the other fragments of skeletons of this type.
According to scientists, the new specimen confirms the picture of the emergence of the modern shell turtles. It is believed that during the evolution of protective plates on the body of reptiles sroslis, creating a seamless shell. What "profits" is just such a defense scientists can not explain.
Searched appearance of the Triassic period (250 -200 million years ago). The remains of turtles from the ensuing Jurassic are, according to archaeologists, as often finding that researchers have simply stopped collecting them. " Bone from the Triassic period, however, relatively rare. Scientists believe that this is due to habitat conditions that have hindered the process of fossilization body after the death of animals.
Astronomers saw "eye space" early stage of the formation of galaxies
Astronomers for the first time been able to "look" at the earliest stages of formation of galaxies in detail. This was reported on the official website of the University Durhama (Durham University), whose officers were involved in the study. Article scientists published in the journal Nature.
Using 10-meter telescope Keck, which is located in Hawaii and is equipped with a so-called adaptive optics, for correcting blur images of the Earth's atmosphere, researchers observed an object MACS J2135-0102. This object ( "space eyes") is located in the constellation Vodoleya and consists of two galaxies: one is about 2.2 billion light-years away, the other at a distance of more than 11 billion light years.
Thanks to 8-fold increase so-called gravitational lens created by neighbors object, the first time, scientists managed to study the internal structure of a young galaxy. According to the researchers obtained their data suggest that the cluster is gradually happening education galactic disk and the nucleus.
"Space-eye" was so named because the observer on the ground near the galaxy appears surrounded by halo (in photo), created by the light of further galaxy. Halo also occurs due to the effect of gravitational lenses.
Einstein's theory of relativity predicts that a large mass of an object (a galaxy or cluster of dark matter) bend the space around them. Light body, outside this facility warp and turn the massive obstacle. As a result, distant object is moving on its original position.
Using 10-meter telescope Keck, which is located in Hawaii and is equipped with a so-called adaptive optics, for correcting blur images of the Earth's atmosphere, researchers observed an object MACS J2135-0102. This object ( "space eyes") is located in the constellation Vodoleya and consists of two galaxies: one is about 2.2 billion light-years away, the other at a distance of more than 11 billion light years.
Thanks to 8-fold increase so-called gravitational lens created by neighbors object, the first time, scientists managed to study the internal structure of a young galaxy. According to the researchers obtained their data suggest that the cluster is gradually happening education galactic disk and the nucleus.
"Space-eye" was so named because the observer on the ground near the galaxy appears surrounded by halo (in photo), created by the light of further galaxy. Halo also occurs due to the effect of gravitational lenses.
Einstein's theory of relativity predicts that a large mass of an object (a galaxy or cluster of dark matter) bend the space around them. Light body, outside this facility warp and turn the massive obstacle. As a result, distant object is moving on its original position.
пятница, 24 октября 2008 г.
The Americans have developed a revolutionary superconductor
U.S. scientists have developed ultra superconducting films, reports Reuters. In the long run, this discovery could lead to the creation of a new class of electronics, which will work faster and consume less power.
When you create a film used two materials that are not superconductors. However, when connecting it acquired the superconducting properties. The thickness of a superconducting film is less than one nanometer.
To cool films do not require such a low temperature, as in the use of modern superconductors. They can operate at 50 degrees Kelvin (minus 223.2 degrees centigrade scale). For conventional superconductors require the temperature is four degrees Kelvin (minus 269.2 degrees centigrade scale).
Developers of new material, hoping that they will be able to bring its operating temperature to 77 degrees Kelvin (minus 196.2 degrees centigrade scale). This will allow cool superconductors cheap liquid nitrogen rather than expensive liquid helium, used at present.
The ultimate goal of developers ultra films - made to work superconductor at room temperature.
When you create a film used two materials that are not superconductors. However, when connecting it acquired the superconducting properties. The thickness of a superconducting film is less than one nanometer.
To cool films do not require such a low temperature, as in the use of modern superconductors. They can operate at 50 degrees Kelvin (minus 223.2 degrees centigrade scale). For conventional superconductors require the temperature is four degrees Kelvin (minus 269.2 degrees centigrade scale).
Developers of new material, hoping that they will be able to bring its operating temperature to 77 degrees Kelvin (minus 196.2 degrees centigrade scale). This will allow cool superconductors cheap liquid nitrogen rather than expensive liquid helium, used at present.
The ultimate goal of developers ultra films - made to work superconductor at room temperature.
Nobel laureate learned of his victory from the Internet
One of the three Nobel Laureates in Chemistry in 2008 Chalfi Martin (Martin Chalfie) learned of his victory in the Internet. It is reported agency AFP.
According to the scholar, the night before the prize he had set his phone to call a low voice, so when he called in the morning from the Nobel Committee, he thought that the call in a neighboring apartment. To find out who won the prestigious award, Chalfi resorting to the World Wide Web.
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Martin Chalfi, Osamu Simomura (Osamu Shimomura) and Douglas Prasher (Douglas Prasher) received the Nobel Prize for his work on the green fluorescent protein (green fluorescence protein - GFP). This compound, originally discovered in the tissues of jellyfish Aequorea victoria, has made this revolution in biological research. With the advent of the protein from scientists appeared effective tool for studying the processes in living organisms.
According to the scholar, the night before the prize he had set his phone to call a low voice, so when he called in the morning from the Nobel Committee, he thought that the call in a neighboring apartment. To find out who won the prestigious award, Chalfi resorting to the World Wide Web.
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Martin Chalfi, Osamu Simomura (Osamu Shimomura) and Douglas Prasher (Douglas Prasher) received the Nobel Prize for his work on the green fluorescent protein (green fluorescence protein - GFP). This compound, originally discovered in the tissues of jellyfish Aequorea victoria, has made this revolution in biological research. With the advent of the protein from scientists appeared effective tool for studying the processes in living organisms.
Martian probe "Phoenix" has analyzed the soil for the presence of salts
Martian probe "Phoenix" has analyzed the soil for the presence of salts and studied a layer of ice in the vicinity of their place of work. This was reported on the official website of the mission.
With the help of his 2.4-meter robot arm Phoenix moved the stone, has been nicknamed "headless" (Headless), at 0.4 meters to take samples of soil beneath it. The soil was taken to an atomic force microscope apparatus, which is an integral part of microscopic and chemical module MECA. The main objective analysis of the soil is a clarification of the concentration of salts. In addition, over the past two weeks Probe vyryl another trench called "La Mancha" (La Mancha). This was done to determine the depth of ice.
At present, is already the fifth month of the vehicle on Mars. Originally planned that the expedition "Phoenix" will last only two months, but NASA twice extended the completion of the mission. This is partly due to the success of the mission: during his stay at the Red Planet probe discovered water, perchlorate, as well as more recently recorded snow.
Now in the polar regions, where the probe, is autumn. The length of days, and with it, and the number of sunlight to collect batteries probe, is significantly reduced. Scientists believe that in the coming weeks, the probe will cease to work, go to the passive monitoring of weather.
With the help of his 2.4-meter robot arm Phoenix moved the stone, has been nicknamed "headless" (Headless), at 0.4 meters to take samples of soil beneath it. The soil was taken to an atomic force microscope apparatus, which is an integral part of microscopic and chemical module MECA. The main objective analysis of the soil is a clarification of the concentration of salts. In addition, over the past two weeks Probe vyryl another trench called "La Mancha" (La Mancha). This was done to determine the depth of ice.
At present, is already the fifth month of the vehicle on Mars. Originally planned that the expedition "Phoenix" will last only two months, but NASA twice extended the completion of the mission. This is partly due to the success of the mission: during his stay at the Red Planet probe discovered water, perchlorate, as well as more recently recorded snow.
Now in the polar regions, where the probe, is autumn. The length of days, and with it, and the number of sunlight to collect batteries probe, is significantly reduced. Scientists believe that in the coming weeks, the probe will cease to work, go to the passive monitoring of weather.
Social network Bebo arranged interstellar delivery
Social network Bebo referred 500 allegations of its users on the planet Gliese 581C, located 20 light-years from Earth, passes BBC News. Even if the planet is inhabited, the reply message will come across at least 40 years.
The first interstellar newsletter containing photographs, drawings and texts, conducted with the assistance of the National Space Agency of Ukraine with the help of a large radio telescope RT-70 in Evpatoria.
Materials for the transmission network Bebo, there are 12 million users, gained in the course of the "Message from Earth" (A Message From Earth). Any registered user can send to the contest that he would like to convey to aliens.
Gliese 581C is considered to be potentially suitable for living. According to the scientists, on the surface of this planet, rotating around a red dwarf, may be water, and temperature ranges from -3 to 40 degrees Celsius.
The first interstellar newsletter containing photographs, drawings and texts, conducted with the assistance of the National Space Agency of Ukraine with the help of a large radio telescope RT-70 in Evpatoria.
Materials for the transmission network Bebo, there are 12 million users, gained in the course of the "Message from Earth" (A Message From Earth). Any registered user can send to the contest that he would like to convey to aliens.
Gliese 581C is considered to be potentially suitable for living. According to the scientists, on the surface of this planet, rotating around a red dwarf, may be water, and temperature ranges from -3 to 40 degrees Celsius.
четверг, 23 октября 2008 г.
The company DHL will send a parcel to space
Logistics company DHL will send two parcels to the ISS, ssobschaetsya in an official press release the company. The load on the space station will be delivered to the spacecraft "Soyuz". Running the ship appointed to the October 12.
At the ISS sixth space tourist Richard Gerriott hold with the assumptions physical experiment, which he zasnimet on video. Gerriott push two different weight of cargo moving on a circular path, with equal force. The purpose of the experience - to determine whether the goods come "to finish" at the same time or at different times.
The experiment was developed by the German Foundation "Youth study in conjunction with the German Aerospace Center. Thirteen students interested in science, gathered in the DHL Innovation Center in Bonn on 12 September and submitted their predictions of the outcome of the experience, equipped with mathematical calculations. The one whose predictions are more accurate, get a grant from DHL.
At the ISS are regularly held educational experiments. For example, in March 2008, Japanese astronaut Takao Doi run on the space station boomerang. He showed that in weightlessness boomerang back to his man started. Participants in the American space missions regularly answer questions earth, while on the ISS.
At the ISS sixth space tourist Richard Gerriott hold with the assumptions physical experiment, which he zasnimet on video. Gerriott push two different weight of cargo moving on a circular path, with equal force. The purpose of the experience - to determine whether the goods come "to finish" at the same time or at different times.
The experiment was developed by the German Foundation "Youth study in conjunction with the German Aerospace Center. Thirteen students interested in science, gathered in the DHL Innovation Center in Bonn on 12 September and submitted their predictions of the outcome of the experience, equipped with mathematical calculations. The one whose predictions are more accurate, get a grant from DHL.
At the ISS are regularly held educational experiments. For example, in March 2008, Japanese astronaut Takao Doi run on the space station boomerang. He showed that in weightlessness boomerang back to his man started. Participants in the American space missions regularly answer questions earth, while on the ISS.
Google sponsored satellite transmitted to Earth the first pictures
In the Internet the first photograph, taken GeoEye-1 satellite, which is sponsored by Google. This tells AFP.
Located at an altitude of 681 kilometers above the Earth, the satellite did color photographs campus of the University Kutstauna (Kutztown University) in high definition. A picture was taken on Tuesday, the seventh of October. According to the company GeoEye, which deals with the operation and maintenance of the satellite, optical apparatus currently undergoing calibration. Upon completion of this process, GeoEye-1 will be able to get clear color photographs of higher resolution.
The spacecraft was launched on September sixth on the U.S. military base in California. The cost of vehicle is more than 500 million dollars.
The main client companies GeoEye is the U.S. government. In addition, the exclusive right to commercial use of images owned by Google, which is the main sponsor of the project. For security reasons, pictures, which will receive the American government, a higher quality than those that will offer its users Google. Despite this limitation, as new photos will be markedly higher than that of today's Google Maps and Google Earth.
Located at an altitude of 681 kilometers above the Earth, the satellite did color photographs campus of the University Kutstauna (Kutztown University) in high definition. A picture was taken on Tuesday, the seventh of October. According to the company GeoEye, which deals with the operation and maintenance of the satellite, optical apparatus currently undergoing calibration. Upon completion of this process, GeoEye-1 will be able to get clear color photographs of higher resolution.
The spacecraft was launched on September sixth on the U.S. military base in California. The cost of vehicle is more than 500 million dollars.
The main client companies GeoEye is the U.S. government. In addition, the exclusive right to commercial use of images owned by Google, which is the main sponsor of the project. For security reasons, pictures, which will receive the American government, a higher quality than those that will offer its users Google. Despite this limitation, as new photos will be markedly higher than that of today's Google Maps and Google Earth.
A probe Cassini flew 25 kilometers away from the satellite of Saturn
On Thursday, the ninth of October, the space probe Cassini approached to record a small distance to one of the satellites of Saturn - Enceladus, he was just 25 kilometers above the surface, reports Washington Post. Chamber staff have been sent to the area of gas plumes, which Cassini discovered back in 2005, while on board equipment must be made a direct analysis of the substance.
Vyryvayuschiesya of cracks in the crust satellite plumes are composed mainly of ice crystal and water vapor - and it is believed that in the future vybroshennaya Enceladus mass involved in the formation of the Rings of Saturn.
The presence of liquid water is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the existence of life. It is for this reason that liquid water, looking particularly active - as opposed to just water ice deposits on Mars which have recently been investigated Martian probe "Phoenix".
Vyryvayuschiesya of cracks in the crust satellite plumes are composed mainly of ice crystal and water vapor - and it is believed that in the future vybroshennaya Enceladus mass involved in the formation of the Rings of Saturn.
The presence of liquid water is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the existence of life. It is for this reason that liquid water, looking particularly active - as opposed to just water ice deposits on Mars which have recently been investigated Martian probe "Phoenix".
Space tourist was pleased with the flight even before its completion
Space tourist Richard Garriott (Richard Garriott), which is currently in the International Space Station (ISS), said that does not spare the money spent on, reports AP. The cost of flying the space tourist is 30 million dollars, which, according to the tourist, a significant portion of his condition.
According to Garriott, he was pleased acquired "trip" before departure from the Earth: American millionaire like the process of preparation. Direct flight to the ISS and Stay Garriott called "icing on the cake."
American millionaire, a developer of computer games, Richard Garriott, arrived at the space station on board Soyuz TMA-18 ", which apart from the tourist delivered to the International Space Station American astronaut Michael Fincke and Russian cosmonaut Yuri Lonchakova. Garriott will return to Earth along with Sergey Volkov and Oleg Kononenko, staying in the station as members of the 17 th major expedition.
According to Garriott, he was pleased acquired "trip" before departure from the Earth: American millionaire like the process of preparation. Direct flight to the ISS and Stay Garriott called "icing on the cake."
American millionaire, a developer of computer games, Richard Garriott, arrived at the space station on board Soyuz TMA-18 ", which apart from the tourist delivered to the International Space Station American astronaut Michael Fincke and Russian cosmonaut Yuri Lonchakova. Garriott will return to Earth along with Sergey Volkov and Oleg Kononenko, staying in the station as members of the 17 th major expedition.
Ancient bacteria grow giant magnets
Scientists have found that ancient microbes grew huge (by the standards of microworld) magnet, reports Nature News. The work of scientists published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Many bacteria (modern and extinct) contain the particles of magnetite - a mineral composed of iron oxide and are magnetic. According to modern view, organisms use these particles as an internal compass. The maximum size of these crystals does not exceed 0.5 micrometers.
Exploring the samples collected from wells in New Jersey, the scientists found magnetite crystals "huge amount" - some of them reached four micrometers in length (millions of shares meters). Age discovered magnets was 55 million years. Spectral analysis of the different isotopes of oxygen allowed the researchers to conclude that the magnetite crystals have a marine origin.
In addition to an unusual size and shape of crystals - it reminds spearhead. According to scientists, the ancient microorganisms can use these crystals, not only for guidance, but it may take to protect. Similar protection mechanism is present in some modern organisms: a form of snails, inhabiting the vicinity of smokers in the bottom of the Indian Ocean, grow their stem thorns of iron sulfide.
Scientists argue that none of the currently known microorganisms do not grow the size of such magnets. Researchers believe that "love" bacteria to magnetite could be the result of high temperatures on the planet at the time. In the climatic history of Earth time period of about 55 million years ago known as Pozdnepaleotsenovy thermal maximum. In the short term ( "only" 100 thousand years) during the sharp global warming, the average temperature on Earth has risen by more than six degrees. More mechanism to explain the relationship between temperature and "love" to magnetite, scientists are hampered.
Many bacteria (modern and extinct) contain the particles of magnetite - a mineral composed of iron oxide and are magnetic. According to modern view, organisms use these particles as an internal compass. The maximum size of these crystals does not exceed 0.5 micrometers.
Exploring the samples collected from wells in New Jersey, the scientists found magnetite crystals "huge amount" - some of them reached four micrometers in length (millions of shares meters). Age discovered magnets was 55 million years. Spectral analysis of the different isotopes of oxygen allowed the researchers to conclude that the magnetite crystals have a marine origin.
In addition to an unusual size and shape of crystals - it reminds spearhead. According to scientists, the ancient microorganisms can use these crystals, not only for guidance, but it may take to protect. Similar protection mechanism is present in some modern organisms: a form of snails, inhabiting the vicinity of smokers in the bottom of the Indian Ocean, grow their stem thorns of iron sulfide.
Scientists argue that none of the currently known microorganisms do not grow the size of such magnets. Researchers believe that "love" bacteria to magnetite could be the result of high temperatures on the planet at the time. In the climatic history of Earth time period of about 55 million years ago known as Pozdnepaleotsenovy thermal maximum. In the short term ( "only" 100 thousand years) during the sharp global warming, the average temperature on Earth has risen by more than six degrees. More mechanism to explain the relationship between temperature and "love" to magnetite, scientists are hampered.
среда, 22 октября 2008 г.
ISS and the PCO will not be in the winter time
Clocks the International Space Station (ISS) and the Mission Control Center in Zvezdnom town will not move an hour ago to switch to winter time. Inhabitants of the ISS will continue to live in Greenwich, and employees PCO - on maternity time, said Interfax, citing the head of press service Valery Lyndina PCO.
Lyndin explained that the practice of maintaining a unified UTC to the ISS was supported by parties involved in the project from different countries. "This is beneficial for us and for the European TsUPa, but because of too much difference between Time Zone is not too convenient for Houston, as our American colleagues constantly complain."
Podmoskovnye PCO "live" on maternity time since its inception. HealthScout was introduced in Russia in 1930 with the aim of making better use of electricity. It coincides with the current winter time, and an hour behind from the summer (the difference between maternity time and GMT time is three hours). In addition to PCO Daylight Time introduced at all Russian Manned and unmanned spacecraft, as well as ground surveillance.
Russia, as well as some 110 countries (including USA, Canada, Mexico, European states) will shift to winter time on the night of 25 to 26 October. Arrows will be transferred to three hours local time.
Lyndin explained that the practice of maintaining a unified UTC to the ISS was supported by parties involved in the project from different countries. "This is beneficial for us and for the European TsUPa, but because of too much difference between Time Zone is not too convenient for Houston, as our American colleagues constantly complain."
Podmoskovnye PCO "live" on maternity time since its inception. HealthScout was introduced in Russia in 1930 with the aim of making better use of electricity. It coincides with the current winter time, and an hour behind from the summer (the difference between maternity time and GMT time is three hours). In addition to PCO Daylight Time introduced at all Russian Manned and unmanned spacecraft, as well as ground surveillance.
Russia, as well as some 110 countries (including USA, Canada, Mexico, European states) will shift to winter time on the night of 25 to 26 October. Arrows will be transferred to three hours local time.
Putin promised Roskosmosu 200 billion rubles
At the needs of the Russian space from the federal budget in the 2009-2011 year will be allocated over 200 billion rubles, reports Interfax. This was at the meeting in Zheleznogorsk on the priority tasks of Russian space activities said the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin. According to the premier, all the necessary legislation, including the development of the sector until 2020, had already been taken.
The Prime Minister also said that Russia will continue to fulfill its obligations under the construction and maintenance of the ISS. Previously planned that the construction of the Russian segment of the station will be completed by 2010. However, lack of (lacked about 120 billion rubles) funding has led to shift that date to 2015.
Vladimir Putin noted the need for the establishment of a special program for the use of space development in the development of Russian regions. Putin stressed that the state will not copy the old model of the industry, when "it was the thing in itself." "This - the path to omertvleniyu investment and technology received, in the loss of prospective markets, including even in their own country" - said Prime. Vladimir Putin believes that the concept of a special program to be approved now, by 2010 to start her in the job. "
The Prime Minister also said that Russia will continue to fulfill its obligations under the construction and maintenance of the ISS. Previously planned that the construction of the Russian segment of the station will be completed by 2010. However, lack of (lacked about 120 billion rubles) funding has led to shift that date to 2015.
Vladimir Putin noted the need for the establishment of a special program for the use of space development in the development of Russian regions. Putin stressed that the state will not copy the old model of the industry, when "it was the thing in itself." "This - the path to omertvleniyu investment and technology received, in the loss of prospective markets, including even in their own country" - said Prime. Vladimir Putin believes that the concept of a special program to be approved now, by 2010 to start her in the job. "
Large Hadron Collider officially opened
The European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) passes the inauguration ceremony (the official opening) Greater Hadron Collider (BAC). It was opened by the Director of CERN, Robert Aymar (Robert Aymar). The ceremony was attended by representatives of all countries taking part in the construction of BAC, as well as Swiss President Pascal Kushpen (Pascal Couchepin) and Prime Minister of France Francois Fiyon (Francois Fillon). Recall the tunnel in the world's largest particle accelerator is being held on the territories of France and Switzerland at a depth of 100 meters below ground.
Among the Russian participants in the ceremony was Minister of Education and Science Andrei Fursenko.
The program of activities in addition to speeches, participants BAC includes various exhibitions, audio-visual concert and tasting dishes molecular cuisine, the website reported CERN.
The inauguration ceremony is taking place despite the breakage of the collider. Work BAC was stopped 19 Sept., 2008. About 100 of the 9300 magnets peregrelis and withdrew from the superconducting state. As a result of an accident in the tunnel accelerator produce about six tons of helium.
Preliminary results of the investigation took place showed that became the cause of failure in the electrical circuit caused when the amperage in the dipole magnet. The corresponding press release published on the site CERN. Repair collider would take several months. Proton again begin to circulate on the ring BUCK not until the spring of 2009.
Among the Russian participants in the ceremony was Minister of Education and Science Andrei Fursenko.
The program of activities in addition to speeches, participants BAC includes various exhibitions, audio-visual concert and tasting dishes molecular cuisine, the website reported CERN.
The inauguration ceremony is taking place despite the breakage of the collider. Work BAC was stopped 19 Sept., 2008. About 100 of the 9300 magnets peregrelis and withdrew from the superconducting state. As a result of an accident in the tunnel accelerator produce about six tons of helium.
Preliminary results of the investigation took place showed that became the cause of failure in the electrical circuit caused when the amperage in the dipole magnet. The corresponding press release published on the site CERN. Repair collider would take several months. Proton again begin to circulate on the ring BUCK not until the spring of 2009.
Lens Einstein allowed to look at the collision of galaxies
Astronomers saw a clash of two young galaxies through gravitational lenses. This was reported in a press release on the official website of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, who participated in the study.
Scientists have observed an object PSS J2322 +1944, located at a distance of more than 12 billion light-years away. A detailed examination of the facility was made possible by the so-called gravitational lens effect. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, the presence of mass bend space. As a result, the light beam passing near a massive object (for the formation of a lens is to be an entire galaxy or cluster of Galactic), is on a curve. If such an object located between the distant galaxy and the observer on Earth, then under certain conditions it can go up (but highly distorting) lens.
According to scientists, the image produced by gravitational lenses, like the image obtained through the bottle donyshko. As a 22-year-old student, one of the authors of the study Bryuer Brendon (Brendon Brewer) has created a computer program that is using special algorithms can restore a distorted picture.
By applying this program to data collected by means of radio VLA (Very Large Array), scientists managed to establish that the PSS J2322 +1944 is a two-unifying the galaxy. This is indicated by the fact that the presence of a cluster sverhmassivnaya black hole is not in his heart, and on the outskirts.
?�
Most recently, a similar discovery was made by astronomers from the UK. They were able to detect a collision between two galaxies, sverhmassivnye black holes at the centers are actively cooperating. The new results suggest that the collision of galaxies were already two billion years after the Big Bang.
Scientists have observed an object PSS J2322 +1944, located at a distance of more than 12 billion light-years away. A detailed examination of the facility was made possible by the so-called gravitational lens effect. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, the presence of mass bend space. As a result, the light beam passing near a massive object (for the formation of a lens is to be an entire galaxy or cluster of Galactic), is on a curve. If such an object located between the distant galaxy and the observer on Earth, then under certain conditions it can go up (but highly distorting) lens.
According to scientists, the image produced by gravitational lenses, like the image obtained through the bottle donyshko. As a 22-year-old student, one of the authors of the study Bryuer Brendon (Brendon Brewer) has created a computer program that is using special algorithms can restore a distorted picture.
By applying this program to data collected by means of radio VLA (Very Large Array), scientists managed to establish that the PSS J2322 +1944 is a two-unifying the galaxy. This is indicated by the fact that the presence of a cluster sverhmassivnaya black hole is not in his heart, and on the outskirts.
?�
Most recently, a similar discovery was made by astronomers from the UK. They were able to detect a collision between two galaxies, sverhmassivnye black holes at the centers are actively cooperating. The new results suggest that the collision of galaxies were already two billion years after the Big Bang.
Because of the warming tigers have been increasingly attacking people
Due to global warming tigers in India have become more frequent attacks on humans, says New Scientist magazine, referring to specialists in the field of protection of wildlife. Climate change has led to the disappearance of natural habitats of animals, and they often come to the village in search of food. In villages, the likelihood to meet with a man markedly higher.
Researchers from the World Conservation Union watched tigers in the Sundarbans National Park (Sundarbans) on the border of India and Bangladesh. The territory of the park area of about 26 thousand square kilometers of wetlands represents the Lower Delta Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers. In fact, the Sundarbans - so many islands, which are periodically partially flood tides.
In the past 40 years due to climate change, the water level in Sundarbane rose and about 28 per cent of its territory proved unsuitable habitat for animals that feed on tigers. Several islands completely disappeared under the water surface. In addition, because of the abundance of salt water hit growing up in Sundarbane mangroves - many of them completely lost their foliage. In the mangrove predators hiding from hunters who destroy tigers for their fur.
According to experts from the World Conservation Union, in the 1960's in Sundarbane dwelt about 500 tigers. Now the number of predators living in the park ranges from 250 to 270 animals. For its part, the Indian Statistical Institute calls the figure of 75 individuals.
Researchers from the World Conservation Union watched tigers in the Sundarbans National Park (Sundarbans) on the border of India and Bangladesh. The territory of the park area of about 26 thousand square kilometers of wetlands represents the Lower Delta Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers. In fact, the Sundarbans - so many islands, which are periodically partially flood tides.
In the past 40 years due to climate change, the water level in Sundarbane rose and about 28 per cent of its territory proved unsuitable habitat for animals that feed on tigers. Several islands completely disappeared under the water surface. In addition, because of the abundance of salt water hit growing up in Sundarbane mangroves - many of them completely lost their foliage. In the mangrove predators hiding from hunters who destroy tigers for their fur.
According to experts from the World Conservation Union, in the 1960's in Sundarbane dwelt about 500 tigers. Now the number of predators living in the park ranges from 250 to 270 animals. For its part, the Indian Statistical Institute calls the figure of 75 individuals.
вторник, 21 октября 2008 г.
Mathematicians have learned to compare studies from different areas of science
Italian mathematicians have shown that the current method of evaluating scientific articles are equally correct for work performed in various fields. Article scientists, which they describe methods of comparison, accepted for publication in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Briefly the main provisions of the leading portal Nature News.
The scientific community judge the relevance and weight "of an article on the number of references to it in other articles. However, this figure is very much different in various sciences. For example, among the works published in 1999, article, which cited 100 times to 50 times more likely to have been devoted to the study of biology of development than the development of aerospace technology.
Despite this substantial difference in the results, traces the distribution of the number of references to articles equal in all disciplines. Mathematics is not a curve on the basis of "clean" of citation, but on the basis of normalized data. The number of references to each article divided by the average number of links to an article on the research in this area. This normalization gives a true "share" section. For example, the same article on the development of aerospace technology, which cited 20 times, "is" an article on the biology of development, which cited 100 times.
Normalization of citation can also get the same distribution curves number of links to articles published in different years. That is, scientists can directly compare the "weight" of articles, publication of which has more than one year.
According to an expert in the field of statistics, quoting from Boston University Sidney Redner (Sidney Redner), the work of Italian mathematicians is a "good first step in the development of methodology for creating user-friendly tool for comparing citation (work) in various fields." Redner, however, added that a test comparison is unlikely to be applicable to human subjects.
Despite the convenience of the new test will probably not all scientists accept it. In June the group of mathematicians from three major institutions has produced a report that substantiated the lack of evaluation of scientific work on the basis of their citation.
The scientific community judge the relevance and weight "of an article on the number of references to it in other articles. However, this figure is very much different in various sciences. For example, among the works published in 1999, article, which cited 100 times to 50 times more likely to have been devoted to the study of biology of development than the development of aerospace technology.
Despite this substantial difference in the results, traces the distribution of the number of references to articles equal in all disciplines. Mathematics is not a curve on the basis of "clean" of citation, but on the basis of normalized data. The number of references to each article divided by the average number of links to an article on the research in this area. This normalization gives a true "share" section. For example, the same article on the development of aerospace technology, which cited 20 times, "is" an article on the biology of development, which cited 100 times.
Normalization of citation can also get the same distribution curves number of links to articles published in different years. That is, scientists can directly compare the "weight" of articles, publication of which has more than one year.
According to an expert in the field of statistics, quoting from Boston University Sidney Redner (Sidney Redner), the work of Italian mathematicians is a "good first step in the development of methodology for creating user-friendly tool for comparing citation (work) in various fields." Redner, however, added that a test comparison is unlikely to be applicable to human subjects.
Despite the convenience of the new test will probably not all scientists accept it. In June the group of mathematicians from three major institutions has produced a report that substantiated the lack of evaluation of scientific work on the basis of their citation.
British astronomer estimated the number of civilizations inoplanetnyh
Astronomer from Edinburgh Observatory Duncan Forgan (Duncan H. Forgan) simulated
Several different scenarios of a life based on
Chemical composition of stars in our galaxy. Using the data
already known ekzoplanetah he had received several different assessments --
According to them the Milky Way may contain from three to thirty-eight thousand
highly developed civilization, no potential for a
contact with Earth.
Forgan used for the simulation of real data
the distribution of stars by mass and luminosity of the situation in our
Galaxy, after which a specially written program has created a number of
Virtual stars with a certain number of planets. Number of planets
also determined not arbitrarily, and taking into account the actual details are already
ekzoplanetah detected. Next, each of the virtual planets
tested for suitability for life and the emergence of sound
civilization. The last phase, according to astronomer, was the most
arbitrary: researcher reviewed as a result of three different scenarios
the emergence and spread of life.
In the first scenario could extend the life of a
favorable for the planets with a certain probability. Vorgan
restricted in their life patterns shift boundaries of one star
system and has received for this scenario assessment in the highly 38000
Civilizations (the number is actually not so great, given that
the total number of planets in the Galaxy is close to five hundred million).
In the second case, the spread of life was forbidden to do, but
test the suitability of the planets for life tightened, and the result immediately
changed to two orders of magnitude. The scenario "improbable life" we can
found about three civilizations.
The third version of the author himself acknowledges the most interesting - a model
was made on the assumption that too fast developing
Civilization more prone to self-destruct (eg
result of thermonuclear war). In this case, the result becomes
naturally lower than the first scenario, but still
looks very optimistic: 31000 highly developed civilization.
Despite considerable variation in size estimates, believes Forgan
their work (already accepted for publication in the Cambridge International
Journal of Astrobiology and accessible on the site arxiv.org) more to it than just curious incidents.
The resulting interplanetary vehicles results can literally with
Every year, specify a radius of a potentially habitable zone around
stars and ekzoplanety opened dozens per year. Consequently,
at least two critical parameter model Forgana can take from it is
real astronomical observations.
Several different scenarios of a life based on
Chemical composition of stars in our galaxy. Using the data
already known ekzoplanetah he had received several different assessments --
According to them the Milky Way may contain from three to thirty-eight thousand
highly developed civilization, no potential for a
contact with Earth.
Forgan used for the simulation of real data
the distribution of stars by mass and luminosity of the situation in our
Galaxy, after which a specially written program has created a number of
Virtual stars with a certain number of planets. Number of planets
also determined not arbitrarily, and taking into account the actual details are already
ekzoplanetah detected. Next, each of the virtual planets
tested for suitability for life and the emergence of sound
civilization. The last phase, according to astronomer, was the most
arbitrary: researcher reviewed as a result of three different scenarios
the emergence and spread of life.
In the first scenario could extend the life of a
favorable for the planets with a certain probability. Vorgan
restricted in their life patterns shift boundaries of one star
system and has received for this scenario assessment in the highly 38000
Civilizations (the number is actually not so great, given that
the total number of planets in the Galaxy is close to five hundred million).
In the second case, the spread of life was forbidden to do, but
test the suitability of the planets for life tightened, and the result immediately
changed to two orders of magnitude. The scenario "improbable life" we can
found about three civilizations.
The third version of the author himself acknowledges the most interesting - a model
was made on the assumption that too fast developing
Civilization more prone to self-destruct (eg
result of thermonuclear war). In this case, the result becomes
naturally lower than the first scenario, but still
looks very optimistic: 31000 highly developed civilization.
Despite considerable variation in size estimates, believes Forgan
their work (already accepted for publication in the Cambridge International
Journal of Astrobiology and accessible on the site arxiv.org) more to it than just curious incidents.
The resulting interplanetary vehicles results can literally with
Every year, specify a radius of a potentially habitable zone around
stars and ekzoplanety opened dozens per year. Consequently,
at least two critical parameter model Forgana can take from it is
real astronomical observations.
Named winner Triumph-science "
On Tuesday, 21 October in Moscow were named winners of the prize "Triumph-science", said Interfax. The names of the six winners were determined by voting members of the jury.
The award was established in 2000, the Board of Trustees Triumph-New Century "and handed Russian scientists involved in theoretical and fundamental research, for" a significant contribution to the global and domestic science. " The size of the prize of 50 thousand dollars.
This year's winners in the category "Physics and mathematics became the academician Alexei Friedman, in the category" Mechanics and Engineering "- Academician Marat Tishchenko. The winner in the earth sciences became Academician Alexander Lisitsyn, and in the life sciences and medicine - Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Academy of Medical Sciences Mikhail Davydov. In the category "Humanities" winner was found academician Theodore Oyzerman. Ceremony awarding the Prize Award held the ninth of December.
Jury Prize "Triumph-Science Foundation formed jointly with the Bureau of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Among the jury members are the Rector of Moscow State University Viktor Sadovnichy, the chairman of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Valery Chereshnev, Vice-Presidents of the Russian Academy of Sciences Gennady Mesyats and Nikolai Laverov. Chairman of the jury since the inception of the prize is an academician Yuri Ryzhov.
The award was established in 2000, the Board of Trustees Triumph-New Century "and handed Russian scientists involved in theoretical and fundamental research, for" a significant contribution to the global and domestic science. " The size of the prize of 50 thousand dollars.
This year's winners in the category "Physics and mathematics became the academician Alexei Friedman, in the category" Mechanics and Engineering "- Academician Marat Tishchenko. The winner in the earth sciences became Academician Alexander Lisitsyn, and in the life sciences and medicine - Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Academy of Medical Sciences Mikhail Davydov. In the category "Humanities" winner was found academician Theodore Oyzerman. Ceremony awarding the Prize Award held the ninth of December.
Jury Prize "Triumph-Science Foundation formed jointly with the Bureau of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Among the jury members are the Rector of Moscow State University Viktor Sadovnichy, the chairman of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Valery Chereshnev, Vice-Presidents of the Russian Academy of Sciences Gennady Mesyats and Nikolai Laverov. Chairman of the jury since the inception of the prize is an academician Yuri Ryzhov.
Mature bananas were blue in the ultraviolet
The group of scientists from universities in Colombia and Innsbruck found that irradiation with ultraviolet bananas shine bright blue, reports New Scientist. The work of scientists published in the journal Angewandte Chemie.
According to the scientists responsible for the effect of products of chlorophyll. They accumulate in the skin in the process of ripening fruit. Similar processes are quite frequent in nature: for example, yellowing leaves. From other plants bananas distinguishes the fact that products of the image of a stable connection, which shine a bright blue light in the ultraviolet irradiation.
Currently, researchers are constrained to answer the question of the role played by these compounds in the life of bananas. As one of the versions is that they are antioxidants. One of the functions of these substances is to protect the cell walls from damage. Indeed, bananas better than the rest of tropical fruits carry a long journey from producer to consumer.
Another possible reason is as follows. Scientists have found that the peak brightness luminescence accounts at the time when most mature bananas. Researchers believe that this could be a sign for animals that can see in the ultraviolet.
According to the scientists responsible for the effect of products of chlorophyll. They accumulate in the skin in the process of ripening fruit. Similar processes are quite frequent in nature: for example, yellowing leaves. From other plants bananas distinguishes the fact that products of the image of a stable connection, which shine a bright blue light in the ultraviolet irradiation.
Currently, researchers are constrained to answer the question of the role played by these compounds in the life of bananas. As one of the versions is that they are antioxidants. One of the functions of these substances is to protect the cell walls from damage. Indeed, bananas better than the rest of tropical fruits carry a long journey from producer to consumer.
Another possible reason is as follows. Scientists have found that the peak brightness luminescence accounts at the time when most mature bananas. Researchers believe that this could be a sign for animals that can see in the ultraviolet.
понедельник, 20 октября 2008 г.
It tries to repair the Hubble ended in failure
Attempting to engineers from Goddard Space Flight Center to remotely repair the Hubble "(Hubble) ended in failure, reported the official website of the agency. At present, is still analyzing the data collected, tools Telescope remain in hibernation (safe mode).
On Tuesday, 14 October, engineers have begun to change the telescope control system for spare tools and data processing Science Instrument Control and Data Handling. First, all scientific instruments Hubble "has been translated into hibernation. Then engineers successfully launched a spare computer, which had been inactive since the launch telescope. Since then, scientists have begun the withdrawal of tools from hibernation and sequence them to a spare computer.
When you connect the camera Review Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys its imaging system detected a greater strain on some components of the device and the command to go to sleep. A few hours later, lost communications with NASA Standard Spacecraft Computer (NSSC), which is part of the data processing system. Currently, researchers can not say definitely whether there was any link between these two events. While the cause of errors in the NSSC will not be removed, scientific instruments telescope will be located in hibernation.
Recall that the September 27 crash occurred, which resulted failure of the main control system of instruments and data processing Telescope. This, in turn, led to postpone the launch repair mission, shuttle Atlantis, which was originally scheduled for October. There are currently an estimated launch date for NASA calls in February 2009.
On Tuesday, 14 October, engineers have begun to change the telescope control system for spare tools and data processing Science Instrument Control and Data Handling. First, all scientific instruments Hubble "has been translated into hibernation. Then engineers successfully launched a spare computer, which had been inactive since the launch telescope. Since then, scientists have begun the withdrawal of tools from hibernation and sequence them to a spare computer.
When you connect the camera Review Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys its imaging system detected a greater strain on some components of the device and the command to go to sleep. A few hours later, lost communications with NASA Standard Spacecraft Computer (NSSC), which is part of the data processing system. Currently, researchers can not say definitely whether there was any link between these two events. While the cause of errors in the NSSC will not be removed, scientific instruments telescope will be located in hibernation.
Recall that the September 27 crash occurred, which resulted failure of the main control system of instruments and data processing Telescope. This, in turn, led to postpone the launch repair mission, shuttle Atlantis, which was originally scheduled for October. There are currently an estimated launch date for NASA calls in February 2009.
Astronomers overshadowed in the past sverhmassivnyh the emergence of black holes
The new observations of astronomers, sverhmassivnye black holes in galactic nuclei, there are already two billion years after the Big Bang, reports Nature News. The work of scientists published in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomy Society.
The opening was done with the help of space telescope Spitzer "(Spitzer) and submillimetre array of radio telescopes located in an extinct volcano Mauna Kea in Hawaii, while observing an object 4C60.07. Astronomers have determined that it was a unifying two galaxies. Analysis of radiation showed that their centers are located sverhmassivnye black holes.
The black holes - objects so with such a strong gravitational field that even light is unable to leave him. Currently, confirmed the existence of two classes of objects: black holes and sverhmassivnyh stellar mass black holes. The first formed as a result of the gravitational collapse of a star shell after it ends "fuel". Sami hole does not radiate, but the matter accretion disk surrounding the hole, with the absorption of dispersed and emits electromagnetic radiation. Currently, it is believed that black holes are formed from a second-class holes in first class as a result of prolonged absorption of matter (most recently even found Limit the growth of black holes).
The object 4C60.07 located at a distance of 12 billion light-years away, that is, the light of these objects, observed on Earth, galaxies emitted when the universe was "only" about two billion years old.
The new results allow astronomers to argue that sverhmassivnye black holes have appeared in the universe at about the same time with the galaxies. Earlier, there were theories that linked the formation of holes in the existing star clusters.
The opening was done with the help of space telescope Spitzer "(Spitzer) and submillimetre array of radio telescopes located in an extinct volcano Mauna Kea in Hawaii, while observing an object 4C60.07. Astronomers have determined that it was a unifying two galaxies. Analysis of radiation showed that their centers are located sverhmassivnye black holes.
The black holes - objects so with such a strong gravitational field that even light is unable to leave him. Currently, confirmed the existence of two classes of objects: black holes and sverhmassivnyh stellar mass black holes. The first formed as a result of the gravitational collapse of a star shell after it ends "fuel". Sami hole does not radiate, but the matter accretion disk surrounding the hole, with the absorption of dispersed and emits electromagnetic radiation. Currently, it is believed that black holes are formed from a second-class holes in first class as a result of prolonged absorption of matter (most recently even found Limit the growth of black holes).
The object 4C60.07 located at a distance of 12 billion light-years away, that is, the light of these objects, observed on Earth, galaxies emitted when the universe was "only" about two billion years old.
The new results allow astronomers to argue that sverhmassivnye black holes have appeared in the universe at about the same time with the galaxies. Earlier, there were theories that linked the formation of holes in the existing star clusters.
Hurricanes were fighters with global warming
Typhoons and hurricanes are a natural "means" to reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. That conclusion came experts from Britain, Japan and Taiwan, published in the journal Nature Geoscience. Key findings of the study led New Scientist magazine and newspaper The Daily Telegraph.
Typhoon reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide, "pryacha" him at the bottom of the ocean. The process is as follows: hurricanes raised from the earth's surface dirt and leaf opad (living there bacteria produce carbon dioxide during its life). Along with strong downpours "potential carbon dioxide" gets to the bottom of rivers, and then to the ocean floor. Thus, a dangerous greenhouse gas forfeit "from the atmosphere.
Researchers have identified the changes in rainfall, which contains carbon dioxide, into the river Livu (LiWu) in Taiwan after the hurricane. According to their figures, from 80 to 90 per cent of the carbon dioxide material arrived in the river because of showers. A total of 14 hours in the river got five thousand tons of organic substances, which are a source of carbon dioxide.
Despite this characteristic of hurricanes, they can not become a panacea for global warming, one of the "perpetrators" who is considered carbon dioxide. While increasing the content of this greenhouse gas provokes hurricanes and typhoons, they can not reduce the CO2 content of up to the "safe" level.
Typhoon reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide, "pryacha" him at the bottom of the ocean. The process is as follows: hurricanes raised from the earth's surface dirt and leaf opad (living there bacteria produce carbon dioxide during its life). Along with strong downpours "potential carbon dioxide" gets to the bottom of rivers, and then to the ocean floor. Thus, a dangerous greenhouse gas forfeit "from the atmosphere.
Researchers have identified the changes in rainfall, which contains carbon dioxide, into the river Livu (LiWu) in Taiwan after the hurricane. According to their figures, from 80 to 90 per cent of the carbon dioxide material arrived in the river because of showers. A total of 14 hours in the river got five thousand tons of organic substances, which are a source of carbon dioxide.
Despite this characteristic of hurricanes, they can not become a panacea for global warming, one of the "perpetrators" who is considered carbon dioxide. While increasing the content of this greenhouse gas provokes hurricanes and typhoons, they can not reduce the CO2 content of up to the "safe" level.
The Japanese created the "atomic" pen
Scientists from the University of Osaka have created a so-called "atomic" pen, which replaces the silicon atoms on a substrate of tin atoms, writes a blog Pink Tentacle.
For an hour and a half with the help of "atomic" pen researchers succeeded at the site of 2 to 2 nanometra put single atoms "Si" - the chemical symbol of silicon. Experience at room temperature.
According to scientists, smaller inscription can not be done.
"Atomic" pen is based on open before the effect of exchange atoms of silicon atoms in the tin on the approach of scanning probe atomic force microscope to the surface of semiconductor.
For an hour and a half with the help of "atomic" pen researchers succeeded at the site of 2 to 2 nanometra put single atoms "Si" - the chemical symbol of silicon. Experience at room temperature.
According to scientists, smaller inscription can not be done.
"Atomic" pen is based on open before the effect of exchange atoms of silicon atoms in the tin on the approach of scanning probe atomic force microscope to the surface of semiconductor.
The European Space Agency has postponed the launch of Mars rover ExoMars until 2016
The European Space Agency (ESA) has postponed the launch of Mars rover ExoMars, reports BBC News. According to the agency, this is due to effuse over-budget project: The present value of machinery is about 1.2 billion euros.
ExoMars Originally planned as a relatively inexpensive device - "only" 650 million euros. However, in the development, it was decided to increase the size of Mars rover, as well as to establish a more sophisticated equipment. That led to a significant (nearly twofold) increase in the cost of the mission. As a result, Italy, which is the leading country in the development of the project, refused to finance it.
Spacecraft to Mars are launched only when the special positioning of the Earth and the Red Planet. This is to ensure that during the flight to use the gravity of planets, saving fuel. The collapse of the schedule of funding means that the launch date of 2013 was postponed to the nearest "convenient" year, which was in 2016.
According to ESA, agency has no plans to cut scientific functionality Mars rover to lower the cost. Instead, the Europeans would agree with Roskosmos and NASA on the possible financial and scientific involvement of these agencies in the mission. The Americans, for example, is already engaged in the project - they are developing several scientific instruments for ExoMars.
ExoMars Originally planned as a relatively inexpensive device - "only" 650 million euros. However, in the development, it was decided to increase the size of Mars rover, as well as to establish a more sophisticated equipment. That led to a significant (nearly twofold) increase in the cost of the mission. As a result, Italy, which is the leading country in the development of the project, refused to finance it.
Spacecraft to Mars are launched only when the special positioning of the Earth and the Red Planet. This is to ensure that during the flight to use the gravity of planets, saving fuel. The collapse of the schedule of funding means that the launch date of 2013 was postponed to the nearest "convenient" year, which was in 2016.
According to ESA, agency has no plans to cut scientific functionality Mars rover to lower the cost. Instead, the Europeans would agree with Roskosmos and NASA on the possible financial and scientific involvement of these agencies in the mission. The Americans, for example, is already engaged in the project - they are developing several scientific instruments for ExoMars.
воскресенье, 19 октября 2008 г.
The British minister will launch a compatriot in space
The new British Minister of Education Paul Dreyson (Paul Drayson) said that Britain should launch its astronauts into space, reports BBC News. According to the minister, this event would inspire the younger generation of Britons take up science. As explained newspaper The Times, the Minister did not rule out the possibility of participation in the Martian and lunar missions.
Currently, the European Space Agency (ESA) is conducting a set of astronauts to participate in the following missions, and the list of applicants included several British citizens. According to some analysts, the chances that the British get to the finals competition is not very high, since Britain last few years refused to invest large sums in development programs of manned space flights offered by ESA. The words of the Minister, many saw as a hint that British policy on development cooperation with European countries in the space industry can change.
Each year, Britain is investing in the development of space technologies around 200 million pounds (about nine billion rubles), but all the money going to develop a robotic probes and satellites. So far in outer space visited only four native Britain. Three of them changed their citizenship to the U.S. and flew missions in NASA. The only British, leave the Earth, was Helen Sharman (Helen Sharman). In 1991, she visited the Mir space station.
Paul Dreyson, made the state the development of biotechnology, was appointed minister of education last week. In 2007, he left the post in the Ministry of Defense. The official reason for dismissal was Dreysona intention to participate in road races 24 Hours of Le Mans. "
Currently, the European Space Agency (ESA) is conducting a set of astronauts to participate in the following missions, and the list of applicants included several British citizens. According to some analysts, the chances that the British get to the finals competition is not very high, since Britain last few years refused to invest large sums in development programs of manned space flights offered by ESA. The words of the Minister, many saw as a hint that British policy on development cooperation with European countries in the space industry can change.
Each year, Britain is investing in the development of space technologies around 200 million pounds (about nine billion rubles), but all the money going to develop a robotic probes and satellites. So far in outer space visited only four native Britain. Three of them changed their citizenship to the U.S. and flew missions in NASA. The only British, leave the Earth, was Helen Sharman (Helen Sharman). In 1991, she visited the Mir space station.
Paul Dreyson, made the state the development of biotechnology, was appointed minister of education last week. In 2007, he left the post in the Ministry of Defense. The official reason for dismissal was Dreysona intention to participate in road races 24 Hours of Le Mans. "
NASA launched the apparatus to study the solar system boundaries
In Sunday near the island of Kwajalein in the Pacific Ocean has been launched apparatus to study the solar system boundaries. The mission IBEX (Interstellar Boundary Explorer) will last two years. The unit weighs 462 kilograms, octagon-shaped, equipped with instruments to measure neutral atoms and space radiation.
The satellite to study the boundaries of the solar system came to an estimated orbit
On Sunday evening, NASA launched the Sputnik I, designed to study the boundaries Remote solar system. Staff IBEX (Interstellar Boundary Explorer) was launched from aircraft over the Pacific Ocean through the launch vehicle Pegasus. At an altitude of about 100 kilometers from the Earth's upper stages including one's own unit, which brought him to pull in SELinux highly elliptical orbit with an apogee of more than 300 thousand kilometers.
The objective of the satellite - studying and mapping the border solar system - the heliosphere. This is an area where the solar wind is faced with interstellar gas. The particles flying from the Sun, first slowed and then did change the direction of its movement in the opposite. IBEX detectors will capture both reflected and provzaimodeystvovavshie with the interstellar medium particles of solar wind, and atoms directly interstellar medium that have been able to penetrate into our system.
According to these energy particles, as well as the direction from which they came, it is possible to draw conclusions about the shape and properties border the solar system. About what is happening in this area, separated from the Sun more than 12 billion kilometers, so far very little is known. In the history of space exploration heliosphere crossed only two spacecraft Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, launched back in 1977.
They crossed the heliosphere just two points, but it helped confirm the assumption that it splyucnutoy form. IBEX will determine what is the boundary of solar system as a whole.
Close to the Earth's remote frontiers to explore the solar system severely hampered by a magnetic field planet, which interacts with the solar wind. But outside the magnetosphere are only two sources of particles: Sun and border systems. That is why the IBEX required to withdraw at such a pull in SELinux orbit.
The slow rotation of staff allows for about six months to examine the entire sky, leaving astronomers with a complete "map" the heliosphere.
IBEX mission will last about two years.
The objective of the satellite - studying and mapping the border solar system - the heliosphere. This is an area where the solar wind is faced with interstellar gas. The particles flying from the Sun, first slowed and then did change the direction of its movement in the opposite. IBEX detectors will capture both reflected and provzaimodeystvovavshie with the interstellar medium particles of solar wind, and atoms directly interstellar medium that have been able to penetrate into our system.
According to these energy particles, as well as the direction from which they came, it is possible to draw conclusions about the shape and properties border the solar system. About what is happening in this area, separated from the Sun more than 12 billion kilometers, so far very little is known. In the history of space exploration heliosphere crossed only two spacecraft Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, launched back in 1977.
They crossed the heliosphere just two points, but it helped confirm the assumption that it splyucnutoy form. IBEX will determine what is the boundary of solar system as a whole.
Close to the Earth's remote frontiers to explore the solar system severely hampered by a magnetic field planet, which interacts with the solar wind. But outside the magnetosphere are only two sources of particles: Sun and border systems. That is why the IBEX required to withdraw at such a pull in SELinux orbit.
The slow rotation of staff allows for about six months to examine the entire sky, leaving astronomers with a complete "map" the heliosphere.
IBEX mission will last about two years.
Autumn 2008 was the warmest in the history of the Arctic
Arctic autumn of 2008 was very hot in the history of weather observations in the region. This was reported in a special report Arctic Report Card, compiled by the National Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric USA.
The report was the result of observation of 46 scientists from 10 countries. Climatology has been able to establish that the average temperature in the Arctic above the norm of five degrees Celsius.
The main reason for such high temperatures, scientists called the melting of Arctic ice. The disappearance of ice causes the ocean absorbs more solar energy. This in turn leads to higher air temperatures. In 2007, the area of Arctic ice has reached its minimum in the history of observations.
Report Arctic Report Card compiled annually and consists of six sections devoted to the study of the atmosphere, ocean, land, ice, as Greenland and biological research. The first three paragraphs devoted exclusively to climate change, while the last three describe the impact of these changes on the habitat of living organisms. The report in 2008 the first three sections has been given red. This means that changes in the atmosphere, ice and glaciers of Greenland are catastrophic.
The report was the result of observation of 46 scientists from 10 countries. Climatology has been able to establish that the average temperature in the Arctic above the norm of five degrees Celsius.
The main reason for such high temperatures, scientists called the melting of Arctic ice. The disappearance of ice causes the ocean absorbs more solar energy. This in turn leads to higher air temperatures. In 2007, the area of Arctic ice has reached its minimum in the history of observations.
Report Arctic Report Card compiled annually and consists of six sections devoted to the study of the atmosphere, ocean, land, ice, as Greenland and biological research. The first three paragraphs devoted exclusively to climate change, while the last three describe the impact of these changes on the habitat of living organisms. The report in 2008 the first three sections has been given red. This means that changes in the atmosphere, ice and glaciers of Greenland are catastrophic.
Physics again confirmed the theory of relativity
Physicists from the national accelerator laboratory named Fermi (USA) have not been able during the experiment to refute one of the main provisions of the theory of relativity - the principle of Lorentz invariance. Research findings published in Physical Review Letters.
The principle of Lorentz invariance postulated that all physical laws apply equally regardless of the position and orientation of the laboratory in space and time. One consequence of the Lorentz-invariance, in particular, the continuity of physical processes when turning the system on an arbitrary angle. So, turn the laboratory along with the Earth's surface during the daily rotation of the planet should not influence the process. And day and night, the result of the experiment should be the same.
To check the situation of physics using neutrinos - particles with a very high pronikayuschey ability. Neutrino received irradiation carbon target for the accelerator of charged particles, channeled through the layer of soil located at a few hundred meters detector, which recorded the number of particles and energy. In the accumulation of such data to physicists trying to find a correlation result from the time of day. Althea not disclosed.
It turned out that the beam behaves the same way in any position in space and all directions are the same for him: the principle of invariance once again confirmed its performance.
Equity lines in the space it seems obvious from everyday experience and all the earlier experiments, but physicists microworld that experience is not an argument. There are several theories, which highlighted the direction there, and that violations of Lorentz invariance played an important role in shaping the universe. The results of this experiment, if not refute these theories, at least impose significant restrictions on them.
The principle of Lorentz invariance postulated that all physical laws apply equally regardless of the position and orientation of the laboratory in space and time. One consequence of the Lorentz-invariance, in particular, the continuity of physical processes when turning the system on an arbitrary angle. So, turn the laboratory along with the Earth's surface during the daily rotation of the planet should not influence the process. And day and night, the result of the experiment should be the same.
To check the situation of physics using neutrinos - particles with a very high pronikayuschey ability. Neutrino received irradiation carbon target for the accelerator of charged particles, channeled through the layer of soil located at a few hundred meters detector, which recorded the number of particles and energy. In the accumulation of such data to physicists trying to find a correlation result from the time of day. Althea not disclosed.
It turned out that the beam behaves the same way in any position in space and all directions are the same for him: the principle of invariance once again confirmed its performance.
Equity lines in the space it seems obvious from everyday experience and all the earlier experiments, but physicists microworld that experience is not an argument. There are several theories, which highlighted the direction there, and that violations of Lorentz invariance played an important role in shaping the universe. The results of this experiment, if not refute these theories, at least impose significant restrictions on them.
суббота, 18 октября 2008 г.
The crew of the ISS to give concert
Crew of International Space Station (ISS) has promised to give music concert the next time you radio, said Interfax.
The commander of the 18 th expedition, Russian Yuri Lonchakov told that likes to sing. In addition, the astronaut added that the seized with them to the ISS lip garmoshku to learn to play it. The second musical instrument to the ISS - guitar - has a flight engineer on 17 th Expedition, U.S. astronaut Gregory Shemetoffu (Gregory Chamitoff).
In addition to music classes, residents of the ISS are involved drawing. On Thursday, 16 October, the sixth space tourist Richard Gerriott (Richard Garriott) conducted an experiment on the drawing paintings using drops of ink in the absence of gravity. In addition, the son of an American astronaut Owen Garriott held photographs of the Earth (before the flight to the ISS Garriott Jr. gathered orders for earth imagery, made from Inside the ISS.
In the breaks between scientific experiments residents of the ISS conducting training seminars and competitions for students. Thus, Gerriott should hold sponsored by DHL experiment in motion in the absence of gravity. Amateur chess Gregory Shemetoff holds chess game with the earth. He currently plays with the children, belonging to the American team which participates in world chess tournaments.
The commander of the 18 th expedition, Russian Yuri Lonchakov told that likes to sing. In addition, the astronaut added that the seized with them to the ISS lip garmoshku to learn to play it. The second musical instrument to the ISS - guitar - has a flight engineer on 17 th Expedition, U.S. astronaut Gregory Shemetoffu (Gregory Chamitoff).
In addition to music classes, residents of the ISS are involved drawing. On Thursday, 16 October, the sixth space tourist Richard Gerriott (Richard Garriott) conducted an experiment on the drawing paintings using drops of ink in the absence of gravity. In addition, the son of an American astronaut Owen Garriott held photographs of the Earth (before the flight to the ISS Garriott Jr. gathered orders for earth imagery, made from Inside the ISS.
In the breaks between scientific experiments residents of the ISS conducting training seminars and competitions for students. Thus, Gerriott should hold sponsored by DHL experiment in motion in the absence of gravity. Amateur chess Gregory Shemetoff holds chess game with the earth. He currently plays with the children, belonging to the American team which participates in world chess tournaments.
A duckbill dinosaurs discovered the ability to hum
Paleontology have found that using the ridges on their heads duckbill dinosaurs (gadrozavry) was published by the low sounds. This tells British newspaper Telegraph.
Gadrozavry reached a height of 10 meters and moved to rear paws. The front of their heads like a huge duck beak, which they used for percolation of water. On top of the head was a hollow crest, which connects with a bow sinus.
In his study, researchers collected data on the internal structure of the comb with the help of computer tomography. Using special software researchers has been able to establish that with an intensive air passing through the crest arisen low humming sound. Further analysis of the structure of the inner ear gadrozavrov (again with the help of computer tomography) revealed that duckbill dinosaurs well have heard it is low frequencies.
According to scientists, the new results clearly indicate that using the sounds produced by comb, gadrozavry talking. Earlier, there were several hypotheses about the possible appointment of the comb. In particular, it was assumed that he could participate in the sense of smell.
Gadrozavry reached a height of 10 meters and moved to rear paws. The front of their heads like a huge duck beak, which they used for percolation of water. On top of the head was a hollow crest, which connects with a bow sinus.
In his study, researchers collected data on the internal structure of the comb with the help of computer tomography. Using special software researchers has been able to establish that with an intensive air passing through the crest arisen low humming sound. Further analysis of the structure of the inner ear gadrozavrov (again with the help of computer tomography) revealed that duckbill dinosaurs well have heard it is low frequencies.
According to scientists, the new results clearly indicate that using the sounds produced by comb, gadrozavry talking. Earlier, there were several hypotheses about the possible appointment of the comb. In particular, it was assumed that he could participate in the sense of smell.
Biologists collected the computer inside living cells
Scientists from the California Institute of Technology have created biokompyutery based on RNA, said MIT Review. The work of scientists published in the journal Science.
Computer scientists are composed of three main components: sensors, transmitters and executive elements. The former discover the presence of certain molecules in the cell type, the latter shall provide information about the discovery, and still run the production of special protein.
As a "working body", scientists have used live cells of yeast. The functional elements were collected within the various fragments of RNA molecules. The role played by sensors fragments of RNA aptamerov. The behavior of these molecules similar to the behavior of antibodies. If you find molecules substances to which they are, aptamery attached to it. The role of transmitters of information carried out "pieces" of RNA that are activated after the discovery of aptamerami desired molecules. The role of the executive elements played a so-called ribozimy - RNA molecules with catalytic effect.
In computers, researchers have been two types of sensors: one registered the presence of molecules in the cell tetracycline, and others - molecules theophylline. Using the remaining components, scientists gathered inside the cells simple logic devices. Some react only to the simultaneous presence of both types of molecules (logical multiplication), while others - the presence of at least one of two types (logical addition). The executive modules run formulation of a fluorescent protein in the cells.
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According to scientists, the new program will allow the opening of biological processes. As an example, researchers led possibility of creating a "smart" drugs that will attack only malicious viruses, without affecting other processes in cells.
Computer scientists are composed of three main components: sensors, transmitters and executive elements. The former discover the presence of certain molecules in the cell type, the latter shall provide information about the discovery, and still run the production of special protein.
As a "working body", scientists have used live cells of yeast. The functional elements were collected within the various fragments of RNA molecules. The role played by sensors fragments of RNA aptamerov. The behavior of these molecules similar to the behavior of antibodies. If you find molecules substances to which they are, aptamery attached to it. The role of transmitters of information carried out "pieces" of RNA that are activated after the discovery of aptamerami desired molecules. The role of the executive elements played a so-called ribozimy - RNA molecules with catalytic effect.
In computers, researchers have been two types of sensors: one registered the presence of molecules in the cell tetracycline, and others - molecules theophylline. Using the remaining components, scientists gathered inside the cells simple logic devices. Some react only to the simultaneous presence of both types of molecules (logical multiplication), while others - the presence of at least one of two types (logical addition). The executive modules run formulation of a fluorescent protein in the cells.
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According to scientists, the new program will allow the opening of biological processes. As an example, researchers led possibility of creating a "smart" drugs that will attack only malicious viruses, without affecting other processes in cells.
NASA has begun to repair the telescope Hubble
On Wednesday, 15 October, experts Goddard Space Flight Center at NASA have begun to distance repair the orbital telescope Hubble, said the site of NASA. Engineers from the Earth passed telescope team, in which information from scientific instruments beginning to arrive at the emergency module format the data as well as the basic unit went down.
To carry out the operation the telescope was moved to safety, or hibernate. Because of the system, "Hubble" in order to "spill over" the entire flow of data at the emergency unit needed perepodklyuchit five devices. On Thursday, 16 October, the telescope briefly came out of the security regime and handed over to Earth First Data.
Some devices, including wide angle / planetary camera, which makes the telescope "panoramic" photographs of the cosmos, were withdrawn from hibernation to verify their efficiency. After the trial to include tools once again moved into hibernation - but already awaiting instructions from the control unit.
Final completion of the "conversion" Telescope is expected on Friday, Oct. 17. The telescope has ceased to transmit information to Earth on the night of 27 to 28 September. Once established the cause of the incident, NASA decided to postpone the flight of shuttle Atlantis' crew which was to undertake maintenance of the Hubble and replace some equipment. Replacing the block formatting of data - is a complex process that requires prior training on Earth and astronauts from Atlantis have no time for training.
To carry out the operation the telescope was moved to safety, or hibernate. Because of the system, "Hubble" in order to "spill over" the entire flow of data at the emergency unit needed perepodklyuchit five devices. On Thursday, 16 October, the telescope briefly came out of the security regime and handed over to Earth First Data.
Some devices, including wide angle / planetary camera, which makes the telescope "panoramic" photographs of the cosmos, were withdrawn from hibernation to verify their efficiency. After the trial to include tools once again moved into hibernation - but already awaiting instructions from the control unit.
Final completion of the "conversion" Telescope is expected on Friday, Oct. 17. The telescope has ceased to transmit information to Earth on the night of 27 to 28 September. Once established the cause of the incident, NASA decided to postpone the flight of shuttle Atlantis' crew which was to undertake maintenance of the Hubble and replace some equipment. Replacing the block formatting of data - is a complex process that requires prior training on Earth and astronauts from Atlantis have no time for training.
Scientists have discovered the first gamma-ray pulsar
Orbital Observatory Enrico Fermi (formerly GLAST) has detected the first representative of a new class of space objects - the so-called gamma-ray pulsars. This was reported in a press release issued on the official website of the agency.
The site is located at a distance of about 4600 light years from Earth in the constellation Tsefeya. According to astronomers, pulsar was formed about 10 thousand years ago. It emits gamma radiation every 316.86 milliseconds.
Pulsars are one of the Final evolution of stars. Once inside the star ends "fuel", there is gravitational collapse - matter of the external layers under the influence of gravitational forces provalivaetsya at the center of the star. If weight was relatively small (less than 1,6-2,4 sun), then there ultradense object - a neutron star. If the mass was higher, it appears black hole.
Neutron star rapidly rotating around its own axis and uzkonapravlennoe emits electromagnetic radiation. Because of the rotation of beam enters the field of view of an observer at regular intervals, creating a ripple effect. The most commonly found in nature radiopulsary, that is periodically radio. Gamma-pulsar, in turn, emits a flow of gamma radiation.
The opening was made possible through the use of a tool Large Area Telescope, is installed on the orbital observatory Enrico Fermi. This tool scans the entire visible sky every three hours, registering the smallest power surges.
The site is located at a distance of about 4600 light years from Earth in the constellation Tsefeya. According to astronomers, pulsar was formed about 10 thousand years ago. It emits gamma radiation every 316.86 milliseconds.
Pulsars are one of the Final evolution of stars. Once inside the star ends "fuel", there is gravitational collapse - matter of the external layers under the influence of gravitational forces provalivaetsya at the center of the star. If weight was relatively small (less than 1,6-2,4 sun), then there ultradense object - a neutron star. If the mass was higher, it appears black hole.
Neutron star rapidly rotating around its own axis and uzkonapravlennoe emits electromagnetic radiation. Because of the rotation of beam enters the field of view of an observer at regular intervals, creating a ripple effect. The most commonly found in nature radiopulsary, that is periodically radio. Gamma-pulsar, in turn, emits a flow of gamma radiation.
The opening was made possible through the use of a tool Large Area Telescope, is installed on the orbital observatory Enrico Fermi. This tool scans the entire visible sky every three hours, registering the smallest power surges.
пятница, 17 октября 2008 г.
U.S. physicists have created sees through clothing single still camera,
Scientists from the University of Rice (USA) have developed a prototype camera to shoot people and objects in the terahertz range. It is expected that the invention will find use in systems security, as well as in medicine.
Terahertz radiation - electromagnetic waves with a frequency of several teragerts (1TGts = 1012 oscillations per second) took an intermediate position between thermal and microwave radiation. Its practical value - a combination pronikayuschey ability to safety.
Terahertz camera has been produced in the run - but existing models have several drawbacks. First of all, terahertz radiation coexists with the heat, and because the receiver will inevitably registers and thermal noise (with the same problem faced and conventional cameras). The increase in the size of the matrix and their cooling somewhat relieve the problem, but it significantly increases the cost of cameras, detectors were first vymorazhivat to the temperature of liquid nitrogen and below.
The cell from Rice University, these shortcomings was able to partially overcome by replacing the matrix on a single photocell. Scanning the object is made pointwise, a specially developed mathematical algorithm allows for a randomly selected set of points to restore the picture entirely without significant loss in quality (the site of one of the authors are available examples of the use of an algorithm for ordinary photos).
Until the new camera will still occupies part of the laboratory, but scientists have developed a way to drastically reduce it. Used in the prototype to highlight certain points of the image system of copper screens with holes microchips will be replaced with mirrors.
Terahertz radiation - electromagnetic waves with a frequency of several teragerts (1TGts = 1012 oscillations per second) took an intermediate position between thermal and microwave radiation. Its practical value - a combination pronikayuschey ability to safety.
Terahertz camera has been produced in the run - but existing models have several drawbacks. First of all, terahertz radiation coexists with the heat, and because the receiver will inevitably registers and thermal noise (with the same problem faced and conventional cameras). The increase in the size of the matrix and their cooling somewhat relieve the problem, but it significantly increases the cost of cameras, detectors were first vymorazhivat to the temperature of liquid nitrogen and below.
The cell from Rice University, these shortcomings was able to partially overcome by replacing the matrix on a single photocell. Scanning the object is made pointwise, a specially developed mathematical algorithm allows for a randomly selected set of points to restore the picture entirely without significant loss in quality (the site of one of the authors are available examples of the use of an algorithm for ordinary photos).
Until the new camera will still occupies part of the laboratory, but scientists have developed a way to drastically reduce it. Used in the prototype to highlight certain points of the image system of copper screens with holes microchips will be replaced with mirrors.
Found the longest insect
Scientists have discovered the longest insect in the world, reports AP. Body length: the new "record" is nearly 36 centimeters (56 inches, given the length of elongated limbs), which is two centimeters surpasses the previous "result". The message on the opening appeared in the journal Zootaxa.
An insect that has received the name Phobaeticus chani, was found by local residents on the island of Borneo. In 1989, the sample fell into the hands of the Malaysian amateur naturalist Datuk Chanchulunyu (Datuk Chan Chew Lun), where he remained until recently, has not yet been identified by a member of the British Museum of Natural History. Previous "record" was also from the island of Borneo.
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Open insect belongs to the so-called palochnikam. These merits have been addressed over the body, which recalls a long stick. Such an appearance helps insects successfully hide from predators in the branches of trees and shrubs.
An insect that has received the name Phobaeticus chani, was found by local residents on the island of Borneo. In 1989, the sample fell into the hands of the Malaysian amateur naturalist Datuk Chanchulunyu (Datuk Chan Chew Lun), where he remained until recently, has not yet been identified by a member of the British Museum of Natural History. Previous "record" was also from the island of Borneo.
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Open insect belongs to the so-called palochnikam. These merits have been addressed over the body, which recalls a long stick. Such an appearance helps insects successfully hide from predators in the branches of trees and shrubs.
Named cause of the Greater Hadron Collider
Experts of the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) on Thursday issued a preliminary report on the investigation into the causes of breakage of Greater Hadron Collider (BAC), which took place on 19 September.
Scientists have concluded that the cause of the accident was the malfunction in the electrical circuit caused when the amperage in the dipole magnet. Created by the failure arc probila tank with liquid helium, which is used for cooling installed in the collider magnets. As a result of the tunnel BAKa horrible six tons of the substance.
Immediately after the failure worked security system collider, which have minimized the consequences of the accident. According to CERN, no problems with the resumption of the collider and prevent similar accidents in future, scientists have not.
As previously reported, for the repair of the Greater Hadron Collider from scientists will take a few months. It is expected that the world's largest particle accelerator will be resumed in 2009.
Scientists have concluded that the cause of the accident was the malfunction in the electrical circuit caused when the amperage in the dipole magnet. Created by the failure arc probila tank with liquid helium, which is used for cooling installed in the collider magnets. As a result of the tunnel BAKa horrible six tons of the substance.
Immediately after the failure worked security system collider, which have minimized the consequences of the accident. According to CERN, no problems with the resumption of the collider and prevent similar accidents in future, scientists have not.
As previously reported, for the repair of the Greater Hadron Collider from scientists will take a few months. It is expected that the world's largest particle accelerator will be resumed in 2009.
In Vienna, running quantum cryptographic systems
In Austria, running quantum cryptographic systems, precluding the possibility of interception of communications, said BBC News. The project is sponsored by the European Union.
The new system is a network of six sites in Vienna and the nearby town of Outdoor Sports. To transfer data used 200 kilometers conventional Fiber-optic cables and assemblies equipment.
Most argued that the quantum encrypting makes the system virtually nevzlamyvaemoy. This is not entirely correct. Quantum systems are based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and can determine the presence of a third party (for example, the eavesdropper), found an increase in the number of transmission errors. Vienna, in this case the network stops working. This property makes the interception of communications impossible.
It's really nevzlamyvaemy code (the system, which demonstrated the absolute reliability), was invented in 1917. This so-called single-notebooks (notebooks contain keys to the codes). In a truly random manner that matches the length of the text and applied once, it is impossible to decipher. But such a notebook, you can steal or copy, which is the weakness of traditional encryption schemes.
The new system is a network of six sites in Vienna and the nearby town of Outdoor Sports. To transfer data used 200 kilometers conventional Fiber-optic cables and assemblies equipment.
Most argued that the quantum encrypting makes the system virtually nevzlamyvaemoy. This is not entirely correct. Quantum systems are based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and can determine the presence of a third party (for example, the eavesdropper), found an increase in the number of transmission errors. Vienna, in this case the network stops working. This property makes the interception of communications impossible.
It's really nevzlamyvaemy code (the system, which demonstrated the absolute reliability), was invented in 1917. This so-called single-notebooks (notebooks contain keys to the codes). In a truly random manner that matches the length of the text and applied once, it is impossible to decipher. But such a notebook, you can steal or copy, which is the weakness of traditional encryption schemes.
American researchers have learned how to extract hydrogen from sewage
At the University of Oregon (USA), the technology of extracting hydrogen from sewage. Researchers have reduced the cost of fuel gas to the mark under the U.S. Department of Energy: two to three dollars per equivalent gallon (4.5 liters) of gasoline. In translation into Russian rubles and liters, it means the cost of fuel about 18 rubles per liter, which is comparable to the cost of obtaining bioethanol.
The main advantage of the new bioreactor (hydrogen is produced by microbiological through the life of specially selected micro-organisms) is, according to developers, the ability to parallel with the receipt of gas to produce effluent treatment. Laboratory prototype installation can theoretically be turned into a module for the construction of water treatment plants, which could take as runoff from residential neighborhoods, both rich in organic matter and plums food and forest products industry. The work will install hydrogen and clean water.
As highlighted one of the researchers, the problem of shortage of raw materials for new technology to humanity is clearly not worth it.
The main advantage of the new bioreactor (hydrogen is produced by microbiological through the life of specially selected micro-organisms) is, according to developers, the ability to parallel with the receipt of gas to produce effluent treatment. Laboratory prototype installation can theoretically be turned into a module for the construction of water treatment plants, which could take as runoff from residential neighborhoods, both rich in organic matter and plums food and forest products industry. The work will install hydrogen and clean water.
As highlighted one of the researchers, the problem of shortage of raw materials for new technology to humanity is clearly not worth it.
четверг, 16 октября 2008 г.
"Dancing shrimp" have the beginnings of collective behavior
Paleontology found that the rudiments of collective behavior of the crustaceans were already 525 million years ago, reports New Scientist. By this conclusion, scientists found, after analysis of fossilized remains small (about two centimeters) of crustaceans found in China. The work of researchers published in the journal Science.
In the Cambrian rocks found period (542 - 488 million years ago), researchers found traces of 20 shellfish, in a conversation the other. Scientists believe that the limbs (which are not subjected to fossilization and not preserved) shrimp were living coupled so that if you are going conversation has not been broken.
Scientists suggest that the ancient crustaceans together in such groups during periods of migration. According to biologists, there is no other reason. Sharing food in this group was impossible because the mouth C. finmarchicus blocked tail later a member of the chain. Some modern organisms (such as astsidii) collected in this manner during periods of reproduction. Since modern crustaceans such "habits" during periods of reproduction does not occur, the researchers concluded that the cause is also unlikely.
According to academics, behavior discovered fossil is one of the earliest examples of collective behavior from living organisms.
In the Cambrian rocks found period (542 - 488 million years ago), researchers found traces of 20 shellfish, in a conversation the other. Scientists believe that the limbs (which are not subjected to fossilization and not preserved) shrimp were living coupled so that if you are going conversation has not been broken.
Scientists suggest that the ancient crustaceans together in such groups during periods of migration. According to biologists, there is no other reason. Sharing food in this group was impossible because the mouth C. finmarchicus blocked tail later a member of the chain. Some modern organisms (such as astsidii) collected in this manner during periods of reproduction. Since modern crustaceans such "habits" during periods of reproduction does not occur, the researchers concluded that the cause is also unlikely.
According to academics, behavior discovered fossil is one of the earliest examples of collective behavior from living organisms.
Scientists have learned to follow all the cells of the embryo
The group of scientists of the European Molecular Biological Laboratory (EMBL) monitored the paths of displacement and division of cells of the embryo fish striped danio (Danio rerio). As reported in a press release on the site EMBL, to achieve this goal, researchers have developed new technology of microscopy. The results of observational data were used to create computer models of development of the embryo in the first 24 hours after conception. The work of scientists published in the journal Science. To see how the development of the embryo "live" here.
In the process of embryo development, one cell turns into a whole organism. Fertilized egg begins to share and some of the newly formed cells migrate to different parts form a living being. Developments in the first hours after fertilization, are key for all subsequent development. The best way to explore the process of embryogenesis - to trace the fate of all cells in this period.
So far, biologists have been able to make it relatively easy for organized embryos invertebrates (such as scientists' pokletochno "know how the worm Caenorabditis elegans) and astsidiya Ciona intestinalis. The body of vertebrates includes a complicated, and consequently markedly more difficult to trace the development of the embryo.
To learn more about how cells move from the "younger" striped danio, researchers from EMBL developed a new technology of digital scanning microscope. The microscope images of the body receives through many rays of light that fall on the object from all sides. "Read" Information is being held at a speed of 1.5 million individual images per minute. From the resulting set of two-dimensional images of the computer constructs a three-dimensional model. For images with the help of new technology requires significantly smaller amount of light (from five to six thousand times), compared with the same techniques (an example is the confocal fluorescent microscopy). Lower the intensity of exposure allows embryo longer remain alive in the experiment. Consequently, reducing the number of animals used in experiments.
The authors work to trace the development of the embryo striped danio, starting with stage one cell to the stage when the embryo consists of 20 thousand cells. The resulting "movie" they have provided the scientific community as a source of data: Danio rerio is one of the favorite objects of molecular biology research.
In the process of embryo development, one cell turns into a whole organism. Fertilized egg begins to share and some of the newly formed cells migrate to different parts form a living being. Developments in the first hours after fertilization, are key for all subsequent development. The best way to explore the process of embryogenesis - to trace the fate of all cells in this period.
So far, biologists have been able to make it relatively easy for organized embryos invertebrates (such as scientists' pokletochno "know how the worm Caenorabditis elegans) and astsidiya Ciona intestinalis. The body of vertebrates includes a complicated, and consequently markedly more difficult to trace the development of the embryo.
To learn more about how cells move from the "younger" striped danio, researchers from EMBL developed a new technology of digital scanning microscope. The microscope images of the body receives through many rays of light that fall on the object from all sides. "Read" Information is being held at a speed of 1.5 million individual images per minute. From the resulting set of two-dimensional images of the computer constructs a three-dimensional model. For images with the help of new technology requires significantly smaller amount of light (from five to six thousand times), compared with the same techniques (an example is the confocal fluorescent microscopy). Lower the intensity of exposure allows embryo longer remain alive in the experiment. Consequently, reducing the number of animals used in experiments.
The authors work to trace the development of the embryo striped danio, starting with stage one cell to the stage when the embryo consists of 20 thousand cells. The resulting "movie" they have provided the scientific community as a source of data: Danio rerio is one of the favorite objects of molecular biology research.
NASA has found a marriage of spare parts for the Hubble
The quality of spare parts needed to repair the Hubble, may be unsatisfactory, said the magazine New Scientist. This could further delay the dispatch of aid to repair mission.
On the night of 27 to 28 September at the orbital telescope has been breaking the module responsible for the exchange of information between the scientific instruments for the telescope. As the project manager Hubble Preston Birch (Preston Burch) magazine New Scientist, a copy of the module, stored in the Earth's Goddard Space Flight Center, may be defective.
Birch argues that the planned verification of the device in 1990 and 2001 revealed the work of errors that later were never resolved. In addition, the original module Hubble used the device, data storage that does not depend on power supply. As a fallback solution using CMOS-technology, similar to worked on the basis of which the memory of modern computers. This memory is energy, that is, after turning off data irretrievably lost.
Before the breakdowns planned, that start the repair mission to the telescope will be held in October. To repair astronauts into orbit was to deliver the shuttle Atlantis. Damage to forced NASA to postpone the launch until December 2009. Birch argues that if the data on marriage spare module confirmed, NASA plans to launch the December "may be overly optimistic."
The new shuttle launch should be the last in his career. " In addition, because of the increased risk of collision with space debris, it must become the most dangerous.
On the night of 27 to 28 September at the orbital telescope has been breaking the module responsible for the exchange of information between the scientific instruments for the telescope. As the project manager Hubble Preston Birch (Preston Burch) magazine New Scientist, a copy of the module, stored in the Earth's Goddard Space Flight Center, may be defective.
Birch argues that the planned verification of the device in 1990 and 2001 revealed the work of errors that later were never resolved. In addition, the original module Hubble used the device, data storage that does not depend on power supply. As a fallback solution using CMOS-technology, similar to worked on the basis of which the memory of modern computers. This memory is energy, that is, after turning off data irretrievably lost.
Before the breakdowns planned, that start the repair mission to the telescope will be held in October. To repair astronauts into orbit was to deliver the shuttle Atlantis. Damage to forced NASA to postpone the launch until December 2009. Birch argues that if the data on marriage spare module confirmed, NASA plans to launch the December "may be overly optimistic."
The new shuttle launch should be the last in his career. " In addition, because of the increased risk of collision with space debris, it must become the most dangerous.
Chemists have been able to surpass the ability of gecko glue
Scientists from several American universities managed to develop a new adhesive, formed on the model Lap gecko - lizards that can run on the craggy walls. According to its characteristics material consisting of nanotubes, several times bigger than the original. The work of researchers published in the journal Science.
Gecko has long served as "experimental model" for creators of adhesives. Studies have shown that lizards legs so well associated with the surface due to covering their hair. A lot of fine hairs have a very large area of contact with the surface if they are under an inclination to it. When the hairs are aimed at right angles to the substrate, it impinges it their konchikami, and the total contact area is small. Therefore gecko easily opens leg of the fence when it pulls up vertically. If the lizard do push along the surface, the trunks hairs "cling" for her and not give lape detach.
Sam effect of adhesion is defined by Van der Waals force - by intermolecular interaction, which, for example, hold together molecules of water.
Several groups of scientists have developed materials, partially copying sole Lap gecko. They also used nanotubes, but the effect of adhesion markedly assigned the "present". The authors of this work colleagues have found the cause of failure. Hairs gecko have different thicknesses: top istonchayutsya and they are beginning to branch. Cabang provide additional surface, through which arm firmer hold on the wall. Until now, researchers have created adhesive from nevetvyaschihsya nanotubes. In this work, scientists created nanotubes, which ends in their own words, reminiscent of spaghetti or vyuschiesya branches of grapes.
Tests conducted on different types of surfaces, ranging from glass and finishing with emery paper, showed that the new material develops the full force of adhesion of about 100 Newtons per square centimeter (this is three times more than the previous analogue). In order to tear the material from the surface in a vertical direction, rather Ten Newtonian force.
The authors believe that their development will prove useful in many areas of industry. For example, the adhesive may be in demand for electronic devices and fasteners for use in space.
Gecko has long served as "experimental model" for creators of adhesives. Studies have shown that lizards legs so well associated with the surface due to covering their hair. A lot of fine hairs have a very large area of contact with the surface if they are under an inclination to it. When the hairs are aimed at right angles to the substrate, it impinges it their konchikami, and the total contact area is small. Therefore gecko easily opens leg of the fence when it pulls up vertically. If the lizard do push along the surface, the trunks hairs "cling" for her and not give lape detach.
Sam effect of adhesion is defined by Van der Waals force - by intermolecular interaction, which, for example, hold together molecules of water.
Several groups of scientists have developed materials, partially copying sole Lap gecko. They also used nanotubes, but the effect of adhesion markedly assigned the "present". The authors of this work colleagues have found the cause of failure. Hairs gecko have different thicknesses: top istonchayutsya and they are beginning to branch. Cabang provide additional surface, through which arm firmer hold on the wall. Until now, researchers have created adhesive from nevetvyaschihsya nanotubes. In this work, scientists created nanotubes, which ends in their own words, reminiscent of spaghetti or vyuschiesya branches of grapes.
Tests conducted on different types of surfaces, ranging from glass and finishing with emery paper, showed that the new material develops the full force of adhesion of about 100 Newtons per square centimeter (this is three times more than the previous analogue). In order to tear the material from the surface in a vertical direction, rather Ten Newtonian force.
The authors believe that their development will prove useful in many areas of industry. For example, the adhesive may be in demand for electronic devices and fasteners for use in space.
среда, 15 октября 2008 г.
A new expedition to the ISS was launched from Baikonur
The crew of the 18 th expedition to the International Space Station (ISS) was launched successfully on the Soyuz TMA-13 from the Baikonur launch site, RIA Novosti. The members of the crew included American astronaut Michael Fincke, Russian Yuri Lonchakov and son of NASA astronaut Owen Garriott, Richard Garriott, who went to the ISS as a space tourist.
According to Lonchakova, the crew will stay on the station six months, for which he needed about 50 experiments, including biotechnology and biophysics. As explained RIA Novosti, Garriott will also conduct experiments aboard the ISS - it will grow protein crystals.
As expected, Garriott probudet to the ISS for ten days and will return to Earth in late October, along with Sergey Volkov and Oleg Kononenko, staying in the station as members of the 17 th major expedition. The flight to the ISS an American space tourist will cost 30 million dollars.
While at the ISS visited five tourists, which the official terminology "Roscosmos" called "unprofessional space flight participants". The first traveled to the ISS an American Dennis Tito in 2001. In 2002, arrived at the station, South African Mark Shattlvort. At the ISS was also visited by Americans Gregori Olsen, Ansary Anoushe and Charles Simonyi.
According to Lonchakova, the crew will stay on the station six months, for which he needed about 50 experiments, including biotechnology and biophysics. As explained RIA Novosti, Garriott will also conduct experiments aboard the ISS - it will grow protein crystals.
As expected, Garriott probudet to the ISS for ten days and will return to Earth in late October, along with Sergey Volkov and Oleg Kononenko, staying in the station as members of the 17 th major expedition. The flight to the ISS an American space tourist will cost 30 million dollars.
While at the ISS visited five tourists, which the official terminology "Roscosmos" called "unprofessional space flight participants". The first traveled to the ISS an American Dennis Tito in 2001. In 2002, arrived at the station, South African Mark Shattlvort. At the ISS was also visited by Americans Gregori Olsen, Ansary Anoushe and Charles Simonyi.
Decrypted genome of giant pandas
An international team of scientists has completed decoding the genome of giant pandas, said agency Xinhua. Researchers hope that this information will help them save endangered species.
The size of the genome of giant pandas compare with the human genome and contains about three billion pairs of nucleotides. Preliminary analysis of DNA sequences pandas showed that these animals may be a subspecies of brown bear. Researchers hope that further analysis of the genome will enable them to understand why pandas have so few offspring.
In addition, using the obtained genetic data, researchers expect to explain some features panda, for example, why such large animals such tiny young are born (their weight is usually less than 200 grams). Another puzzle, which scientists plan to find an answer by using DNA - why pandas eat bamboo, although their digestive system is more suitable for meat diets.
The project on decipherable genome of giant pandas was launched in March 2008. It involved experts from China, UK, USA and Canada, writes newspaper The Times. As a "model" was chosen three-year panda Jing Jing (Jing Jing), reported The Daily Telegraph. It is from her blood was identified DNA sequence which was decrypted researchers.
Giant panda is called living fossils. According to some reports, the ancestors of these animals lived in China for about eight million years ago. Currently, the Celestial home to about 1590 panda.
The size of the genome of giant pandas compare with the human genome and contains about three billion pairs of nucleotides. Preliminary analysis of DNA sequences pandas showed that these animals may be a subspecies of brown bear. Researchers hope that further analysis of the genome will enable them to understand why pandas have so few offspring.
In addition, using the obtained genetic data, researchers expect to explain some features panda, for example, why such large animals such tiny young are born (their weight is usually less than 200 grams). Another puzzle, which scientists plan to find an answer by using DNA - why pandas eat bamboo, although their digestive system is more suitable for meat diets.
The project on decipherable genome of giant pandas was launched in March 2008. It involved experts from China, UK, USA and Canada, writes newspaper The Times. As a "model" was chosen three-year panda Jing Jing (Jing Jing), reported The Daily Telegraph. It is from her blood was identified DNA sequence which was decrypted researchers.
Giant panda is called living fossils. According to some reports, the ancestors of these animals lived in China for about eight million years ago. Currently, the Celestial home to about 1590 panda.
Five artificial interlocutors provalili Turing test
All five programs - artificial interviewees who participated in the competition, University of Reading failed the Turing test, transmit BBC News. To win required that the judges adopted the program per person in at least 30 per cent of cases. Conversation and car lasted only five minutes.
Past tests were part of the eighteenth Prize Lebnera (Loebner Prize), shall be awarded each year sponsors the best man interviewed. The first result of this inspection, 25 per cent, showed a program Elbot, writes The Guardian. The program deceived 3 of the 12 judges, said Associated Press. Creator Elbot, Fred Roberts, despite the defeat, will receive a prize of three thousand dollars.
Initially, the competition should have been part of six programs, but artificial interlocutress Alice did not have been able to adjust in time, and she left.
Turing Test proposed in the fifties years of British mathematician Alan Turing and cryptography as the answer to the question "Can a machine think?". Turing believed that an accurate answer can not be, but if people in the service deems interlocutor machine as man, we can consider this the "thinking".
So far, no program has been unable to pass the Turing test. Sam mathematician believed that by 2000 the program will be able to pass a test in 30 per cent of cases.
Past tests were part of the eighteenth Prize Lebnera (Loebner Prize), shall be awarded each year sponsors the best man interviewed. The first result of this inspection, 25 per cent, showed a program Elbot, writes The Guardian. The program deceived 3 of the 12 judges, said Associated Press. Creator Elbot, Fred Roberts, despite the defeat, will receive a prize of three thousand dollars.
Initially, the competition should have been part of six programs, but artificial interlocutress Alice did not have been able to adjust in time, and she left.
Turing Test proposed in the fifties years of British mathematician Alan Turing and cryptography as the answer to the question "Can a machine think?". Turing believed that an accurate answer can not be, but if people in the service deems interlocutor machine as man, we can consider this the "thinking".
So far, no program has been unable to pass the Turing test. Sam mathematician believed that by 2000 the program will be able to pass a test in 30 per cent of cases.
Astronomers found the remains of his rings of Saturn moon
Astronomers from France and the U.S. concluded that the rings of Saturn are the remnants of the satellite destroyed in a collision with another space object. The work of scientists, pre-print (pdf) which presented on the site arxiv.org, explains why Saturn is the only giant-planet solar system, "owns" the rings.
In astronomy, there are two competing theories circulated to explain how it acquired the ring of Saturn. The first assumes that the rings are the remnants of other comets with a friend. The second theory, forming a ring particles formed after the destruction of the moon of Saturn. Both scenarios are possible if in the past in our galaxy, there was strong activity of comets (a fact confirmed by many observations). The authors of this paper tried to evaluate the intensity of comets "traffic" during the late heavy bombardment - the period of high activity comets about 3.8 - 4.1 billion years ago.
The researchers concluded that during the late heavy bombardment of comets "ram" Saturn with intensity, making the two likely scenarios. More detailed calculations have shown that if events develop according to the first theory, a similar ring system were formed and the other planets giants. If true second option, apart from the rings of Saturn in theory could get only Jupiter.
Late heavy bombardment took place after 700 million years after the formation of Saturn. At that time, hypothetical satellites has been accessed on the planet orbits stationed inside the Roche limit - the maximum distance, which is closer to planetary satellites are destroyed under the effect of gravity on small particles. As a result of a collision with a comet satellite collapsed, the resulting pieces are on the "right" distance in order to continue to turn around Saturn and not be lost in space.
Calculations researchers have shown that if the other planets of the solar system at the time of education have satellites that are within the limit Rocha, by the early period of late heavy bombardment, they would be branded a planet or a left from their orbits. Only Saturn because of its rapid rotation has managed to keep the satellite on the "right" distance.
Despite the fact that the rings of Saturn are a "favorite" objects to study, astronomers can not clearly explain not only their origins, but also age. Until recently it was thought that the rings formed from 10 to 100 million years ago, but at the end of September came out work, which the authors argue that the age of the rings is not less than four billion years.
In astronomy, there are two competing theories circulated to explain how it acquired the ring of Saturn. The first assumes that the rings are the remnants of other comets with a friend. The second theory, forming a ring particles formed after the destruction of the moon of Saturn. Both scenarios are possible if in the past in our galaxy, there was strong activity of comets (a fact confirmed by many observations). The authors of this paper tried to evaluate the intensity of comets "traffic" during the late heavy bombardment - the period of high activity comets about 3.8 - 4.1 billion years ago.
The researchers concluded that during the late heavy bombardment of comets "ram" Saturn with intensity, making the two likely scenarios. More detailed calculations have shown that if events develop according to the first theory, a similar ring system were formed and the other planets giants. If true second option, apart from the rings of Saturn in theory could get only Jupiter.
Late heavy bombardment took place after 700 million years after the formation of Saturn. At that time, hypothetical satellites has been accessed on the planet orbits stationed inside the Roche limit - the maximum distance, which is closer to planetary satellites are destroyed under the effect of gravity on small particles. As a result of a collision with a comet satellite collapsed, the resulting pieces are on the "right" distance in order to continue to turn around Saturn and not be lost in space.
Calculations researchers have shown that if the other planets of the solar system at the time of education have satellites that are within the limit Rocha, by the early period of late heavy bombardment, they would be branded a planet or a left from their orbits. Only Saturn because of its rapid rotation has managed to keep the satellite on the "right" distance.
Despite the fact that the rings of Saturn are a "favorite" objects to study, astronomers can not clearly explain not only their origins, but also age. Until recently it was thought that the rings formed from 10 to 100 million years ago, but at the end of September came out work, which the authors argue that the age of the rings is not less than four billion years.
At the ISS went 18-I Expedition
Spacecraft Soyuz TMA-13 docked to the International Space Station. As reported by RIA Novosti, the staffing was docked in automatic mode.
Soyuz delivered to the ISS crew of the 18 th Expedition: American Michael Fincke (commander of the expedition) and Russian Yuri Lonchakova (flight engineer). Also at the ISS came sixth space tourist, American Richard Garriott, the son of an American astronaut Owen Garriott.
18-I probudet expedition to the ISS six months. During that time, it will hold about 50 scientific experiments. Garriott will return to Earth along with the 17 th Expedition (Sergey Volkov and Oleg Kononenko), the sample at the station for ten days.
The flight to the ISS cost Garriott, did state on the development of computer games (including Ultima), 30 million dollars.
Soyuz delivered to the ISS crew of the 18 th Expedition: American Michael Fincke (commander of the expedition) and Russian Yuri Lonchakova (flight engineer). Also at the ISS came sixth space tourist, American Richard Garriott, the son of an American astronaut Owen Garriott.
18-I probudet expedition to the ISS six months. During that time, it will hold about 50 scientific experiments. Garriott will return to Earth along with the 17 th Expedition (Sergey Volkov and Oleg Kononenko), the sample at the station for ten days.
The flight to the ISS cost Garriott, did state on the development of computer games (including Ultima), 30 million dollars.
At the north pole of Saturn and found a giant vortex
A probe Cassini photographed at the north pole of Saturn giant vortex, the website reported NASA. On a whirlwind appearance, etched camera operating in the infrared range (snapshot was taken in winter, when the pole of Saturn loaded into darkness), recalls a whirlpool.
After a few pictures swirl through certain time slots, the scientists were able to determine the speed of gas in it. It is 530 kilometers per hour - about twice the speed of air masses in the fastest terrestrial eddy currents. Sam whirlwind surrounded by hexagonal honeycomb still unclear nature of education. Inside it is also rotating clouds at a speed of 500 kilometers per hour. Previously, Cassini has already sent to Earth images of strange hexagon.
Despite the seemingly whirlwind like Earth's, it has an entirely different nature. On Earth, hurricanes feed on warm ocean water. Vortices Saturn tied to poles of the world. The principal "source of power" saturnianskih vortices astronomers believe heat released thunderstorms passing in the lower atmosphere.
Using a probe Cassini astronomers have been able to get a lot of images of northern pole of Saturn. The size of the smallest entity that can see in these photographs, is 120 kilometers.
After a few pictures swirl through certain time slots, the scientists were able to determine the speed of gas in it. It is 530 kilometers per hour - about twice the speed of air masses in the fastest terrestrial eddy currents. Sam whirlwind surrounded by hexagonal honeycomb still unclear nature of education. Inside it is also rotating clouds at a speed of 500 kilometers per hour. Previously, Cassini has already sent to Earth images of strange hexagon.
Despite the seemingly whirlwind like Earth's, it has an entirely different nature. On Earth, hurricanes feed on warm ocean water. Vortices Saturn tied to poles of the world. The principal "source of power" saturnianskih vortices astronomers believe heat released thunderstorms passing in the lower atmosphere.
Using a probe Cassini astronomers have been able to get a lot of images of northern pole of Saturn. The size of the smallest entity that can see in these photographs, is 120 kilometers.
вторник, 14 октября 2008 г.
Careful analysis of the data revealed a new type of gamma-ray bursts
The group of astronomers argues that proved the existence of the universe weak gamma-ray bursts, said in a press release on the site of the European Space Agency (ESA). Scientists came to this conclusion, after careful analysis of data from the European orbital telescope INTEGRAL.
Gamma bursts (Gamma-ray burst, GRB) - short (average length ranges from a few milliseconds to a few hundred seconds), recurrent, very powerful (from a few dozen to several hundred kiloelektronvolt) explosions. It is believed that gamma-ray bursts are the result of the merger of neutron stars (short gamma-ray bursts) or collapse of massive stars (long bursts).
According to some estimates, the observable parts of the sky each year about 1400 gamma-ray bursts, but managed to record much less as astronomers do not know where exactly will happen next outbreak. The telescope INTEGRAL, launched in 2002, on average, "notes" about a dozen gamma-ray bursts each year. From October 2002 to July 2007, he collected data on 47 outbreaks.
In analyzing the data Irish scientists noticed that some of the weakest gamma-ray flashes are different from other outbreaks of the characteristics of radiation. In addition, they were characterized by Afterglow of the X-ray and optical wavelength. These observations give reason to allocate weak gamma bursts into a separate class.
Until now it was believed that weaker flash of gamma-match surge that occurred in more remote areas of the universe than others. New results of Irish scientists suggest that the weak gamma-ray bursts may occur close to Earth. Unusual properties such outbreaks are determined that they are different from the rest of the origin of gamma-ray bursts. The authors work suggest that the weak gamma-ray bursts may occur, for example, the merger of two white dwarfs (stars the size of a thick earth), or merge with the white dwarf with a neutron star or black hole.
Evidence that some gamma-ray bursts may be formed by other mechanisms, have been received in January 2008, when astronomers observed the oldest short gamma-ray outburst. In addition to a record surge in brightness of gamma radiation, called GRB 080319B had an unusually long poslesvecheniem. One theory to explain netipichnoe "behavior" GRB 080319B, does not exist yet.
Gamma bursts (Gamma-ray burst, GRB) - short (average length ranges from a few milliseconds to a few hundred seconds), recurrent, very powerful (from a few dozen to several hundred kiloelektronvolt) explosions. It is believed that gamma-ray bursts are the result of the merger of neutron stars (short gamma-ray bursts) or collapse of massive stars (long bursts).
According to some estimates, the observable parts of the sky each year about 1400 gamma-ray bursts, but managed to record much less as astronomers do not know where exactly will happen next outbreak. The telescope INTEGRAL, launched in 2002, on average, "notes" about a dozen gamma-ray bursts each year. From October 2002 to July 2007, he collected data on 47 outbreaks.
In analyzing the data Irish scientists noticed that some of the weakest gamma-ray flashes are different from other outbreaks of the characteristics of radiation. In addition, they were characterized by Afterglow of the X-ray and optical wavelength. These observations give reason to allocate weak gamma bursts into a separate class.
Until now it was believed that weaker flash of gamma-match surge that occurred in more remote areas of the universe than others. New results of Irish scientists suggest that the weak gamma-ray bursts may occur close to Earth. Unusual properties such outbreaks are determined that they are different from the rest of the origin of gamma-ray bursts. The authors work suggest that the weak gamma-ray bursts may occur, for example, the merger of two white dwarfs (stars the size of a thick earth), or merge with the white dwarf with a neutron star or black hole.
Evidence that some gamma-ray bursts may be formed by other mechanisms, have been received in January 2008, when astronomers observed the oldest short gamma-ray outburst. In addition to a record surge in brightness of gamma radiation, called GRB 080319B had an unusually long poslesvecheniem. One theory to explain netipichnoe "behavior" GRB 080319B, does not exist yet.
Scientists have created a virtual space station
Scientists have created a virtual space station that will help astronauts cope with psychological difficulties encountered during space flight. When testing the new program will be completed, NASA intends to use it to train astronauts, reports BBC News.
With the help of future residents of the ISS will be able to work out various options for resolving conflicts that may arise during their stay in orbit. For example, in one scenario, flight engineer named Chank commit some sort of error and suggested astronaut did not report it in the Control Center of the Earth. Inhabitants of virtual stations can choose various options, which are either exacerbate the conflict, or lead to its resolution. The scenarios all the proposed program management "based on real events" that took place at the station.
The program has already been tested on the Mariners' taking part in lengthy expeditions to Antarctica.
During a long stay on the space station in isolation from other people from the astronauts may experience psychological difficulties. In the event that someone from the crew needed assistance of psychologists, he can communicate with them. The new program, one of the developers which is a former astronaut Jay Buckey (Jay Buckey), will help lift the tension, even if communication with Earth will be broken. In addition, the astronaut will be able to take it convenient time.
With the help of future residents of the ISS will be able to work out various options for resolving conflicts that may arise during their stay in orbit. For example, in one scenario, flight engineer named Chank commit some sort of error and suggested astronaut did not report it in the Control Center of the Earth. Inhabitants of virtual stations can choose various options, which are either exacerbate the conflict, or lead to its resolution. The scenarios all the proposed program management "based on real events" that took place at the station.
The program has already been tested on the Mariners' taking part in lengthy expeditions to Antarctica.
During a long stay on the space station in isolation from other people from the astronauts may experience psychological difficulties. In the event that someone from the crew needed assistance of psychologists, he can communicate with them. The new program, one of the developers which is a former astronaut Jay Buckey (Jay Buckey), will help lift the tension, even if communication with Earth will be broken. In addition, the astronaut will be able to take it convenient time.
Paul dolphins have learned to identify scars
New Zealand zoologists have developed a technique that allows a dolphin to determine the sex photos. The only essential instrument is a digital camera fitted with a simple device of laser ukazok. The work of researchers published in the journal Marine Mammal Science. Briefly the main findings of the leading portal Nature News.
Males and females dolphins have no clear morphological (external) differences. Typically, half of these animals to determine behavioral characteristics (for example, females spend more time with the young) or for primary sex (when jumping dolphin scientists managed to see his genitals).
The authors of this work as a diagnostic trait chosen dorsal fin. It is visible in photographs, which zoologists are doing in the routine monitoring of populations of dolphins. By the usual digital camera, researchers put the two laser pointer, "speck" which allows measured in ten centimeters. With the help of "new" device zoologists can accurately determine the dorsal.
Scientists photographed dolphin-afalin of the population, which they knew. After reviewing the images, the researchers determined that at plavnikah males more scars than plavnikah females. On average, for males plavnikah scars were about 15 per cent, while the plavnikah females - 3.9 per cent. Scientists attribute the differences more aggressive males, who often come to loggerheads.
Using statistical data on the amount of fin and the space occupied by scars, the scientists were able to predict the sex of 93 per cent of dolphins from the group, which had 43 animals. The authors of the method argue that the method can be easily adapted to other types of dolphins.
Males and females dolphins have no clear morphological (external) differences. Typically, half of these animals to determine behavioral characteristics (for example, females spend more time with the young) or for primary sex (when jumping dolphin scientists managed to see his genitals).
The authors of this work as a diagnostic trait chosen dorsal fin. It is visible in photographs, which zoologists are doing in the routine monitoring of populations of dolphins. By the usual digital camera, researchers put the two laser pointer, "speck" which allows measured in ten centimeters. With the help of "new" device zoologists can accurately determine the dorsal.
Scientists photographed dolphin-afalin of the population, which they knew. After reviewing the images, the researchers determined that at plavnikah males more scars than plavnikah females. On average, for males plavnikah scars were about 15 per cent, while the plavnikah females - 3.9 per cent. Scientists attribute the differences more aggressive males, who often come to loggerheads.
Using statistical data on the amount of fin and the space occupied by scars, the scientists were able to predict the sex of 93 per cent of dolphins from the group, which had 43 animals. The authors of the method argue that the method can be easily adapted to other types of dolphins.
Veneriansky orbiting vehicle has not been able to find life on Earth
Astronomers European Space Agency (ESA) analysis made by Orbital apparatus Venus Express, applying around Venus, a selection of images of the Earth and found that reliably identify with them through the presence of life on Earth is not yet possible. The presence of water and oxygen in itself is not yet talking about obitaemosti planet, and discern any details on the surface it is impossible to use the tools.
At pictures of the Earth appears as a single pixel - and therefore the only source of information is a reflection spectrum of the world, just as is the case with the observation of planets outside the solar system. Habitability which, unlike Earth, has not yet been proved.
According to David Grinspuna, American astrobiology serving in the Venus Express, people "want to know what can be said about the existence of life on Earth, on the basis of such observations. What we learn now that can be applied in the monitoring of other worlds." Currently, researchers are analyzing the spectra, not only in search of water and oxygen, but also trying to detect traces of photosynthetic activity on the surface of the planet. Terrestrial plants are well reflected light at near-infrared range, but whether this method is reliable and versatile for plants that may have a different color - still an open question.
At pictures of the Earth appears as a single pixel - and therefore the only source of information is a reflection spectrum of the world, just as is the case with the observation of planets outside the solar system. Habitability which, unlike Earth, has not yet been proved.
According to David Grinspuna, American astrobiology serving in the Venus Express, people "want to know what can be said about the existence of life on Earth, on the basis of such observations. What we learn now that can be applied in the monitoring of other worlds." Currently, researchers are analyzing the spectra, not only in search of water and oxygen, but also trying to detect traces of photosynthetic activity on the surface of the planet. Terrestrial plants are well reflected light at near-infrared range, but whether this method is reliable and versatile for plants that may have a different color - still an open question.
понедельник, 13 октября 2008 г.
Astrophysics Stephen Hocking became tatuirovkoy
British city of Brighton Jack Newton vytatuiroval in his right leg person known astrophysics and promoter of science Stephen Hawking, writes the newspaper The Daily Telegraph. According to the young man, he took this decision after reading the book Hogkinga "A Brief History of Time", but "did not understand a word of it."
Under the face of physics grin on his right leg Newton vybita phrase from the movie "Life of Brian Monty Python" (one of a series of "Monty Python Flying Circus") "It is not the Messiah. He's very naughty boy" (He's not the messiah. He's a very naughty boy).
Newton believes that Stephen Hocking could serve as an example for all of what the disease did not necessarily disturb people perform great deeds. " Hocking suffers amiotroficheskim lateral sclerosis - degenerative diseases of nervous system, which leads to paralysis. Despite the fact that Hocking confined to wheelchair and could not speak, he is the author of numerous scientific papers on astrophysics and several popular science books.
Recently, Hawking colleagues decided to put him intravital monument on the territory of Cambridge University, where the scientist.
Under the face of physics grin on his right leg Newton vybita phrase from the movie "Life of Brian Monty Python" (one of a series of "Monty Python Flying Circus") "It is not the Messiah. He's very naughty boy" (He's not the messiah. He's a very naughty boy).
Newton believes that Stephen Hocking could serve as an example for all of what the disease did not necessarily disturb people perform great deeds. " Hocking suffers amiotroficheskim lateral sclerosis - degenerative diseases of nervous system, which leads to paralysis. Despite the fact that Hocking confined to wheelchair and could not speak, he is the author of numerous scientific papers on astrophysics and several popular science books.
Recently, Hawking colleagues decided to put him intravital monument on the territory of Cambridge University, where the scientist.
Toilet to the ISS repaired three days ago
The main bathroom in the Russian sector of the ISS Zvezda "really went down, but it happened on Thursday, October 9, and the next day it had already repaired. This RIA Novosti reported on Monday a representative RSC Energia.
Head sector of water supply and power crews manned craft RSC Energia Peter Andreychuk stressed that "at this time, nothing special did not happen." According to him, went down the same unit, which broke down in May 2008. Centrifugal pump-separator separating dirt on the gas and liquid again potek.
Fixing the toilet took flight engineer Oleg Kononenko, who all akkuratnenko away and put a new unit, told Andreychuk. Repair bathrooms calm and accompanied by jokes, added the representative of RSC Energia. Broken-down pump, as it turned out, had long been formulated their service life.
Refusal bathroom was not the only issue at the ISS on Friday - at the failed computer system. Since this problem has also been able to cope, stressed Andreychuk.
Recall, on Monday Fox News television channel, referring to the representative of NASA John Petty (John Petty) reported that on Sunday at the ISS was broken toilet, and the crew had received instructions to use a bathroom limited spare capacity, based on the spacecraft Soyuz TMA-12.
On Tuesday, to the ISS pristykuetsya manned spacecraft Soyuz TMA-13 "with the 18 th expedition aboard. And in November shuttle "Endeavor" (Endeavour) will take on the space station toilet new construction, which will be installed in the American sector of the ISS. His NASA commissioned in Russia for 19 million dollars.
Head sector of water supply and power crews manned craft RSC Energia Peter Andreychuk stressed that "at this time, nothing special did not happen." According to him, went down the same unit, which broke down in May 2008. Centrifugal pump-separator separating dirt on the gas and liquid again potek.
Fixing the toilet took flight engineer Oleg Kononenko, who all akkuratnenko away and put a new unit, told Andreychuk. Repair bathrooms calm and accompanied by jokes, added the representative of RSC Energia. Broken-down pump, as it turned out, had long been formulated their service life.
Refusal bathroom was not the only issue at the ISS on Friday - at the failed computer system. Since this problem has also been able to cope, stressed Andreychuk.
Recall, on Monday Fox News television channel, referring to the representative of NASA John Petty (John Petty) reported that on Sunday at the ISS was broken toilet, and the crew had received instructions to use a bathroom limited spare capacity, based on the spacecraft Soyuz TMA-12.
On Tuesday, to the ISS pristykuetsya manned spacecraft Soyuz TMA-13 "with the 18 th expedition aboard. And in November shuttle "Endeavor" (Endeavour) will take on the space station toilet new construction, which will be installed in the American sector of the ISS. His NASA commissioned in Russia for 19 million dollars.
At the ISS again broken toilet
At the International Space Station (ISS) once again broken toilet, reports Fox News. According to the NASA John Petty (John Petty), the fault is in the gas separator main bathrooms, located in the Russian sector of the ISS Zvezda ".
Located on the station crew members are trying to fix a toilet, but they already have been instructed to use a bathroom limited spare capacity, based on the spacecraft Soyuz TMA-12. The presence of the ISS two working toilets is vital, since 14 October to the space station should pristykovatsya Soyuz TMA-13 "on board are three more rights.
Toilet at the ISS is a complex device that is using the fans handle the waste for later disposal. The water in the bathroom space is not used. This is not the first toilet break at the space station. In June came out mechanism for separating liquid from the air. A few days later, the crew was able to resolve their own problem. In November the shuttle "Endeavor" (Endeavour) will take on the space station toilet new construction, which will be installed in the American sector of the ISS. NASA has acquired a bathroom designed in Russia for 19 million dollars.
Located on the station crew members are trying to fix a toilet, but they already have been instructed to use a bathroom limited spare capacity, based on the spacecraft Soyuz TMA-12. The presence of the ISS two working toilets is vital, since 14 October to the space station should pristykovatsya Soyuz TMA-13 "on board are three more rights.
Toilet at the ISS is a complex device that is using the fans handle the waste for later disposal. The water in the bathroom space is not used. This is not the first toilet break at the space station. In June came out mechanism for separating liquid from the air. A few days later, the crew was able to resolve their own problem. In November the shuttle "Endeavor" (Endeavour) will take on the space station toilet new construction, which will be installed in the American sector of the ISS. NASA has acquired a bathroom designed in Russia for 19 million dollars.
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